---
title: Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics if the medicines are ov… — The microscopic world: bacteria, good and bad · tree and pragmatics
description: Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics if the medicines are overused, which is why doctors do not give them for colds. Who acts: Bacteria, doctors. A sentence of the lesson «The microscopic world: bacteria, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree a
---

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# The microscopic world: bacteria, good and bad, sentence 7

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Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics if the medicines are overused, which is why doctors do not give them for colds.

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**Who acts:** Bacteria, doctors · **What happens:** become, overuse, be, not give · **To what, where:** medicines

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The microscopic world: bacteria, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bacteria, doctors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:257-the-microscopic-world-bacteria-good-and-bad.lesson:7
# text = Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics if the medicines are overused, which is why doctors do not give them for colds.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 257-the-microscopic-world-bacteria-good-and-bad.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	resistant	resistant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	medicines	medicine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	overused	overuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	acl:relcl	_	_
16	doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
17	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
19	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl:relcl	_	_
20	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	iobj	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	colds	cold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | can | Bacteria |  |  |  |  | resistant *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **overuse** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive |  | the medicines |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | why *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **give** | present · do-support | doctors |  | medicines *= medicine* |  |  | for colds | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent they=Theme for cold=Asset |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:257-the-microscopic-world-bacteria-good-and-bad.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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