--- title: Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria; they look like tiny… — The microscopic world: viruses and vaccines · tree and pragmatics description: Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria; they look like tiny moon landers, inject their instructions and burst the bacterium, and doctors sometimes use them when antibiotics fail. Who acts: Bacteriophages, viruses, doctors, antibiotics. A sentence of the lesson «The microscopic world: viruse --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The microscopic world: viruses and vac…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines/) / 12 # The microscopic world: viruses and vaccines, sentence 12 Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria; they look like tiny moon landers, inject their instructions and burst the bacterium, and doctors sometimes use them when antibiotics fail. **Who acts:** Bacteriophages, viruses, doctors, antibiotics · **What happens:** be, attack, look, inject, burst, use · **To what, where:** viruses, bacteria, instructions, bacterium This is a sentence of the lesson «The microscopic world: viruses and vaccines» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bacteriophages, viruses, doctors, antibiotics), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines.lesson:12 # text = Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria; they look like tiny moon landers, inject their instructions and burst the bacterium, and doctors sometimes use them when antibiotics fail. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Bacteriophages bacteriophage NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _ 3 viruses virus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 4 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 5 nsubj _ _ 5 attack attack VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 acl:relcl _ _ 6 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 7 ; ; PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ _ 9 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 10 like like ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 11 tiny tiny ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 12 moon moon NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 landers lander NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obl _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 15 inject inject VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 16 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ _ 17 instructions instruction NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=15:cc 19 burst burst VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=15:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 bacterium bacterium NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 24 doctors doctor NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj _ _ 25 sometimes sometimes ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 26 use use VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:parataxis 27 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 obj _ _ 28 when when SCONJ WRB _ 30 mark _ _ 29 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ _ 30 fail fail VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 advcl _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Bacteriophages | viruses | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **attack** | present | viruses | bacteria | | | | | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Patient | | 3 | **look** | present | Bacteriophages *= bacteriophage* | | | | | like tiny moon landers | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 4 | **inject** | present | Bacteriophages *= bacteriophage* *not said here* | Bacteriophages's instructions | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instruction=Patient | | 5 | **burst** | present | Bacteriophages *= bacteriophage* *not said here* | the bacterium | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bacterium=Theme | | 6 | **use** | present | doctors | instructions *= instruction* | | | | sometimes *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | | 7 | **fail** | present | antibiotics | | | | | | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **instruct** | | Bacteriophages *= bacteriophage* | | | | | | nom instruction «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The microscopic world: viruses and vac…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines/10/) - next →: [The microscopic world: viruses and vac…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/258-the-microscopic-world-viruses-and-vaccines/)