---
title: Bones need calcium, for example from milk, vitamin D from sunlight,… — The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin · tree and pragmatics
description: Bones need calcium, for example from milk, vitamin D from sunlight, and exercise such as running and jumping to stay strong; bones weaken when they carry no weight, so astronauts lose bone strength in space unless they exercise every day. Who acts: Bones, astronauts. A sentence of the lesson «The hu
---

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# The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin, sentence 18

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Bones need calcium, for example from milk, vitamin D from sunlight, and exercise such as running and jumping to stay strong; bones weaken when they carry no weight, so astronauts lose bone strength in space unless they exercise every day.

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**Who acts:** Bones, astronauts · **What happens:** need, run, jump, stay, weaken, carry · **To what, where:** calcium, milk, weight, bone strength, space

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bones, astronauts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin.lesson:18
# text = Bones need calcium, for example from milk, vitamin D from sunlight, and exercise such as running and jumping to stay strong; bones weaken when they carry no weight, so astronauts lose bone strength in space unless they exercise every day.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	calcium	calcium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	vitamin	vitamin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	D	D	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=8:appos
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	exercise	exercise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
17	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	advcl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	jumping	jump	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	_
24	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	xcomp	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
27	weaken	weaken	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
28	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	30	mark	_	_
29	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	advcl	_	_
31	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	32	det	_	_
32	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obj	_	_
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	so	so	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	_
35	astronauts	astronaut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nsubj	_	_
36	lose	lose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	conj	_	_
37	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	_
38	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	_
39	in	in	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
41	unless	unless	SCONJ	IN	_	43	mark	_	_
42	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	nsubj	_	_
43	exercise	exercise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	36	advcl	_	_
44	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	45	det	_	_
45	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl:unmarked	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | Bones | calcium |  | milk and vitamin D from sunlight and exercise |  | for example | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot calcium=Theme |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | Bones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **jump** | gerund | Bones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **stay** | to-infinitive | Bones *not said here* |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **weaken** | present | bones |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **carry** | present | Bones *= bone* | no weight |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weight=Theme |
| 7 | **lose** | present | astronauts | bone strength |  | space |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent strength=Eventuality |
| 8 | **exercise** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | astronauts *= astronaut* |  |  |  | day |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin.lesson:18`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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