--- title: Dunkleosteus was an armoured fish that lived about 360 million years… — Megalodon and the giants of the sea, past and pr… · tree and pragmatics description: Dunkleosteus was an armoured fish that lived about 360 million years ago; it had no teeth but sharp bony blades in its jaws and one of the strongest bites of any fish. Who acts: Dunkleosteus, armoured fish, young. A sentence of the lesson «Megalodon and the giants of the sea, past and present» of th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Megalodon and the giants of the sea, p…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea/) / 9 # Megalodon and the giants of the sea, past and present, sentence 9 Dunkleosteus was an armoured fish that lived about 360 million years ago; it had no teeth but sharp bony blades in its jaws and one of the strongest bites of any fish. **Who acts:** Dunkleosteus, armoured fish, young · **What happens:** be, live, have, bite · **To what, where:** armoured fish, teeth, fish This is a sentence of the lesson «Megalodon and the giants of the sea, past and present» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dunkleosteus, armoured fish, young), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea.lesson:9 # text = Dunkleosteus was an armoured fish that lived about 360 million years ago; it had no teeth but sharp bony blades in its jaws and one of the strongest bites of any fish. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 2 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 3 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 armoured armoured ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:amod|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 fish fish NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 7 nsubj _ _ 7 lived live VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 acl:relcl _ _ 8 about about ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 9 360 360 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 compound _ _ 10 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 11 nummod _ _ 11 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obl:unmarked _ _ 12 ago ago ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT : _ 15 punct _ _ 14 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 16 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 17 det _ _ 17 teeth tooth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 18 but but CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 19 sharp sharp ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 20 bony bony ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 blades blade NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 conj _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 24 nmod:poss _ _ 24 jaws jaw NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nmod _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 26 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 17 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=24:conj 27 of of ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 29 strongest strong ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 30 amod _ _ 30 bites bite NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nmod _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 33 det _ _ 33 fish fish NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | past | Dunkleosteus | a armoured fish | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **live** | past | a armoured fish | | | | | ago *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **have** | past | young | no teeth but sharp bony blades in young's jaws | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient | | 4 | **bite** | | | any fish | | | | | nom bite «state transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Megalodon and the giants of the sea, p…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea/8/) - next →: [Megalodon and the giants of the sea, p…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/273-megalodon-and-the-giants-of-the-sea/)