--- title: Meganeura, a dragonfly cousin from 300 million years ago, had wings… — Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost… · tree and pragmatics description: Meganeura, a dragonfly cousin from 300 million years ago, had wings about 70 centimetres across; more oxygen in the air then helped big insects breathe through their tubes. Who acts: Meganeura, more oxygen, big insects. A sentence of the lesson «Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost giant --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Terror birds, moas, giant insects and…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/) / 9 # Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost giants, sentence 9 Meganeura, a dragonfly cousin from 300 million years ago, had wings about 70 centimetres across; more oxygen in the air then helped big insects breathe through their tubes. **Who acts:** Meganeura, more oxygen, big insects · **What happens:** have, help, breathe · **To what, where:** wings, tubes This is a sentence of the lesson «Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost giants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Meganeura, more oxygen, big insects), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants.lesson:9 # text = Meganeura, a dragonfly cousin from 300 million years ago, had wings about 70 centimetres across; more oxygen in the air then helped big insects breathe through their tubes. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Meganeura Meganeura PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 2 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 dragonfly dragonfly NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 compound _ _ 5 cousin cousin NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 appos _ _ 6 from from ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 300 300 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 8 compound _ _ 8 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 9 nummod _ _ 9 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 obl:unmarked _ _ 10 ago ago ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct _ _ 12 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 13 wings wing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obj _ _ 14 about about ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=16:advmod 15 70 70 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 16 nummod _ _ 16 centimetres centimetre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nmod:unmarked _ _ 17 across across ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 20 amod _ _ 20 oxygen oxygen NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 24 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 25 advmod _ _ 25 helped help VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 parataxis _ _ 26 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 insects insect NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 nsubj _ _ 28 breathe breathe VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 25 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 through through ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 30 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 31 nmod:poss _ _ 31 tubes tube NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obl _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | past | Meganeura | wings 70 centimetres | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient | | 2 | **help** | past | more oxygen in the air | | | | then | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 3 | **breathe** | infinitive | big insects | | | insects's tubes | | | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Terror birds, moas, giant insects and…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/8/) - next →: [Terror birds, moas, giant insects and…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/)