---
title: The Greenland shark is the longest-living animal with a backbone kno… — Sharks · tree and pragmatics
description: The Greenland shark is the longest-living animal with a backbone known, probably at least 270 years, growing about a centimetre a year. Who acts: Greenland shark. A sentence of the lesson «Sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/28-sharks/16/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Sharks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/28-sharks/) / 16

# Sharks, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Greenland shark is the longest-living animal with a backbone known, probably at least 270 years, growing about a centimetre a year.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Greenland shark · **What happens:** live, be, know, grow · **To what, where:** longest living animal, backbone

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Greenland shark), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:028-sharks.lesson:16
# text = The Greenland shark is the longest-living animal with a backbone known, probably at least 270 years, growing about a centimetre a year.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 028-sharks.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Greenland	Greenland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	longest	long	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	_
8	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	probably	probably	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	18	nmod	_	_
18	270	270	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct
21	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	advcl	_	_
22	about	about	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	centimetre	centimetre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl:unmarked	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the Greenland shark | the longest living animal |  |  |  | with a backbone | tree rules |
| 3 | **know** | participle |  | a backbone *not said here* |  |  | year |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **grow** | gerund | the Greenland shark *not said here* |  |  |  | year | about a centimetre | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme about centimetre=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:028-sharks.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Sharks, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/28-sharks/15/)
- next →: [Sharks, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/28-sharks/17/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/28-sharks/)