---
title: Crocodile ancestors lived alongside dinosaurs over 200 million years… — Crocodiles and alligators · tree and pragmatics
description: Crocodile ancestors lived alongside dinosaurs over 200 million years ago, and crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds. Who acts: Crocodile ancestors, crocodiles. A sentence of the lesson «Crocodiles and alligators» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree 
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/12/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Crocodiles and alligators](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/) / 12

# Crocodiles and alligators, sentence 12

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crocodile ancestors lived alongside dinosaurs over 200 million years ago, and crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Crocodile ancestors, crocodiles · **What happens:** live, be · **To what, where:** closest living relatives

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Crocodiles and alligators» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Crocodile ancestors, crocodiles), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:029-crocodiles-and-alligators.lesson:12
# text = Crocodile ancestors lived alongside dinosaurs over 200 million years ago, and crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 029-crocodiles-and-alligators.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Crocodile	crocodile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	alongside	alongside	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	200	200	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	compound	_	_
8	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl:unmarked	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
13	crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	closest	close	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	18	amod	_	_
17	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	amod	_	_
18	relatives	relative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Crocodile ancestors |  |  |  |  | alongside dinosaurs; ago *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme alongside dinosaur=Location |
| 2 | **live** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present | crocodiles | the closest living relatives |  |  |  | of birds | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:029-crocodiles-and-alligators.lesson:12`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Crocodiles and alligators, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/11/)
- next →: [Crocodiles and alligators, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/13/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/)