--- title: Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria,… — The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body a… · tree and pragmatics description: Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria, so rest, drinks and time help a cold, and using antibiotics wrongly helps resistant bacteria spread. Who acts: viruses, antibiotics, rest, using. A sentence of the lesson «The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The big biology quiz, part 2: plants,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/) / 11 # The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes, sentence 11 Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria, so rest, drinks and time help a cold, and using antibiotics wrongly helps resistant bacteria spread. **Who acts:** viruses, antibiotics, rest, using · **What happens:** cause, work, help, use, spread · **To what, where:** Colds, cold, antibiotics This is a sentence of the lesson «The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (viruses, antibiotics, rest, using), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes.lesson:11 # text = Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria, so rest, drinks and time help a cold, and using antibiotics wrongly helps resistant bacteria spread. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Colds cold NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 aux:pass _ _ 3 caused cause VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 4 by by ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 viruses virus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 7 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 8 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _ 9 only only ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 10 work work VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=3:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 11 on on ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 14 so so ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 15 rest rest NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 drinks drink NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 conj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=17:conj 20 help help VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 21 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 cold cold NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obj _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=25:punct 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 25 using use VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 28 csubj _ _ 26 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 obj _ _ 27 wrongly wrongly ADV RB _ 28 advmod _ _ 28 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:conj 29 resistant resistant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod _ _ 30 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 compound _ _ 31 spread spread VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 28 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=28:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 32 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: neg - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cause** | present · passive | viruses | Colds | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | | 2 | **work** | present | antibiotics | | | | | on bacteria | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on bacteria=Theme | | 3 | **help** | present | rest and drinks and time | a cold | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cold=Beneficiary | | 4 | **use** | gerund | | antibiotics | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antibiotic=Patient | | 5 | **help** | present | using | | | | | wrongly *property* | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 6 | **spread** | infinitive | using *not said here* | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The big biology quiz, part 2: plants,…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/10/) - next →: [The big biology quiz, part 2: plants,…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/)