--- title: Stingless bees live in warm countries like Brazil, Mexico and Austra… — Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, solitary bees,… · tree and pragmatics description: Stingless bees live in warm countries like Brazil, Mexico and Australia; their stingers are tiny and useless, so they defend by biting and crowding intruders, and the Maya kept them for honey long before Europeans reached America. Who acts: Stingless bees, stingers, Maya, Europeans. A sentence of th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, soli…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/) / 15 # Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, solitary bees, carpenter bees and stingless bees, sentence 15 Stingless bees live in warm countries like Brazil, Mexico and Australia; their stingers are tiny and useless, so they defend by biting and crowding intruders, and the Maya kept them for honey long before Europeans reached America. **Who acts:** Stingless bees, stingers, Maya, Europeans · **What happens:** live, be, defend, bite, crowd, keep · **To what, where:** warm countries, intruders, America This is a sentence of the lesson «Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, solitary bees, carpenter bees and stingless bees» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stingless bees, stingers, Maya, Europeans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees.lesson:15 # text = Stingless bees live in warm countries like Brazil, Mexico and Australia; their stingers are tiny and useless, so they defend by biting and crowding intruders, and the Maya kept them for honey long before Europeans reached America. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Stingless stingless ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 bees bee NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 live live VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 warm warm ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 7 like like ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Brazil Brazil PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 10 Mexico Mexico PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 conj _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 Australia Australia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 conj _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 14 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ _ 15 stingers stinger NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ _ 16 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 cop _ _ 17 tiny tiny ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 useless useless ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 conj _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 21 so so ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 22 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 23 defend defend VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 24 by by SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 25 biting bite VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 27 crowding crowd VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 25 conj _ _ 28 intruders intruder NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 Maya Maya PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ _ 33 kept keep VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:parataxis 34 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 obj _ _ 35 for for ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 36 honey honey NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 obl _ _ 37 long long ADV RB Degree=Pos 36 advmod _ _ 38 before before SCONJ IN _ 40 mark _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=39:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 39 Europeans European PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 40 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=36:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 40 reached reach VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=39:acl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 41 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 40 obj _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: pos - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **live** | present | Stingless bees | | | warm countries like Brazil and Mexico and Australia | | | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in country=Location | | 2 | **is** | present | Brazil's stingers | | | | | tiny *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **be** | | Brazil's stingers *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **defend** | present | stingers *= stinger* | | | | | | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **bite** | gerund | stingers *= stinger* *not said here* | | | | | | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **crowd** | gerund | stingers *= stinger* *not said here* | intruders | | | | | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme intruder=Destination | | 7 | **keep** | past | the Maya | intruders *= intruder* | | | | for honey | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 8 | **reach** | past | Europeans | America | | | | | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, soli…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/14/) - next →: [Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, soli…, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/)