--- title: The hard shell is really a pair of front wings turned into cases, ca… — Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth,… · tree and pragmatics description: The hard shell is really a pair of front wings turned into cases, called elytra, and they are the secret of beetles: armour that keeps the flying wings safe. Who acts: hard shell, wings, armour. A sentence of the lesson «Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs» of the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Beetles: the biggest group of animals…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/) / 3 # Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs, sentence 3 The hard shell is really a pair of front wings turned into cases, called elytra, and they are the secret of beetles: armour that keeps the flying wings safe. **Who acts:** hard shell, wings, armour · **What happens:** be, turn, call, keep, fly · **To what, where:** pair, front wings, cases, elytra, secret, flying wings · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hard shell, wings, armour), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs.lesson:3 # text = The hard shell is really a pair of front wings turned into cases, called elytra, and they are the secret of beetles: armour that keeps the flying wings safe. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 shell shell NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _ 5 really really ADV RB _ 7 advmod _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 pair pair NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 front front ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 10 wings wing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _ 11 turned turn VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 acl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:acl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBD:Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 into into ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 cases case NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 15 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 conj _ _ 16 elytra elytra NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 xcomp _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 19 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nsubj _ _ 20 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 22 cop _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 secret secret NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 conj _ _ 23 of of ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 24 beetles beetle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod _ _ 25 : : PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 26 armour armour NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 conj _ _ 27 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 28 nsubj _ _ 28 keeps keep VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 acl:relcl _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 flying fly VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 31 amod _ _ 31 wings wing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obj _ _ 32 safe safe ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 xcomp _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=31:amod 33 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | the hard shell | a pair and the secret and armour | | | | of front wings | tree rules | | 2 | **turn** | participle | | front wings *not said here* | | cases | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into case=Trajectory | | 3 | **call** | participle | | elytra | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **is a** | present | wings *= wing* | the secret and armour | | | | of beetles | tree rules | | 5 | **keep** | present | armour | the flying wings | | | | safe *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Theme | | 6 | **fly** | gerund | | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Beetles: the biggest group of animals…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/2/) - next →: [Beetles: the biggest group of animals…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/)