---
title: Some of the smallest frogs, from Papua New Guinea and Brazil, are le… — Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, fly… · tree and pragmatics
description: Some of the smallest frogs, from Papua New Guinea and Brazil, are less than 8 millimetres long; they live in damp leaf litter eating tiny mites and are among the smallest animals with a backbone. Who acts: Some, Frogs, damp leaf litter. A sentence of the lesson «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass
---

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# Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog, sentence 12

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Some of the smallest frogs, from Papua New Guinea and Brazil, are less than 8 millimetres long; they live in damp leaf litter eating tiny mites and are among the smallest animals with a backbone.

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**Who acts:** Some, Frogs, damp leaf litter · **What happens:** be, live, eat · **To what, where:** damp leaf litter, tiny mites

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Some, Frogs, damp leaf litter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog.lesson:12
# text = Some of the smallest frogs, from Papua New Guinea and Brazil, are less than 8 millimetres long; they live in damp leaf litter eating tiny mites and are among the smallest animals with a backbone.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=15:nsubj|HaikuPos=PRON:DT:PronType=Ind
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	smallest	small	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	Papua	Papua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
9	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Guinea	Guinea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	Brazil	Brazil	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV	22	parataxis	_	_
16	than	than	ADP	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	millimetres	millimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl:unmarked	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:obl:unmarked
19	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	15	advmod	_	_
20	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	damp	damp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
25	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
27	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	26	acl	_	_
28	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	mites	mite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
31	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
32	among	among	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	smallest	small	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	35	amod	_	_
35	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	obl	_	_
36	with	with	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	_
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Some |  |  |  |  | less, long *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | Frogs *= frog* |  |  | damp leaf litter |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in litter=Location |
| 3 | **eat** | gerund | damp leaf litter *not said here* | tiny mites |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mite=Patient |
| 4 | **be** | present | Frogs *= frog* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | among the smallest animals with a backbone | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme among animal=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog.lesson:12`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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