--- title: Frogs and toads spend winter in compost heaps and under logs, and so… — Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choru… · tree and pragmatics description: Frogs and toads spend winter in compost heaps and under logs, and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds, breathing through their skin in the cold water. Who acts: Frogs, male frogs. A sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied to --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/) / 14 # Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad, sentence 14 Frogs and toads spend winter in compost heaps and under logs, and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds, breathing through their skin in the cold water. **Who acts:** Frogs, male frogs · **What happens:** spend, breathe · **To what, where:** compost heaps, skin This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Frogs, male frogs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:14 # text = Frogs and toads spend winter in compost heaps and under logs, and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds, breathing through their skin in the cold water. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1 1 Frogs frog NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 2 and and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 3 toads toad NOUN NNS Number=Plur 1 conj _ _ 4 spend spend VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obj _ _ 6 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 compost compost NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 heaps heap NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 10 under under ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 logs log NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 14 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 16 det _ _ 15 male male ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 16 amod _ _ 16 frogs frog NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 17 at at ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 bottom bottom NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nmod _ _ 20 of of ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 ponds pond NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nmod _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 breathing breathe VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 16 acl _ _ 24 through through ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss _ _ 26 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 29 cold cold ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod _ _ 30 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=26:nmod 31 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **spend** | present | Frogs and toads | | | compost heaps and logs and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds | winter | | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **breathe** | gerund | some male frogs at the bottom of ponds *not said here* | | | toads's skin | | in the cold water | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/13/) - next →: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/)