--- title: Fire-bellied toads of Europe and Asia have a green or dark back and… — Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choru… · tree and pragmatics description: Fire-bellied toads of Europe and Asia have a green or dark back and an orange or red belly; when threatened they arch their back to show the belly, the unken reflex, warning that their skin makes bad-tasting slime. Who acts: bellied toads, toads, skin. A sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/) / 15 # Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad, sentence 15 Fire-bellied toads of Europe and Asia have a green or dark back and an orange or red belly; when threatened they arch their back to show the belly, the unken reflex, warning that their skin makes bad-tasting slime. **Who acts:** bellied toads, toads, skin · **What happens:** belly, have, threaten, arch, show, warn · **To what, where:** green back, back, belly, bad tasting slime · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bellied toads, toads, skin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:15 # text = Fire-bellied toads of Europe and Asia have a green or dark back and an orange or red belly; when threatened they arch their back to show the belly, the unken reflex, warning that their skin makes bad-tasting slime. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Fire Fire PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 2 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 1 punct _ _ 3 bellied belly VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 amod _ _ 4 toads toad NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 7 and and CCONJ CC _ 8 cc _ _ 8 Asia Asia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 conj _ _ 9 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:det 11 green green ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:amod 12 or or CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 13 dark dark ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 conj _ _ 14 back back NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:compound 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 16 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 17 orange orange ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 18 or or CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 red red ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 conj _ _ 20 belly belly NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:obj 21 ; ; PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 22 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 23 advmod _ _ 23 threatened threaten VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 25 advcl _ _ 24 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nsubj _ _ 25 arch arch VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 26 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 27 nmod:poss _ _ 27 back back NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obj _ _ 28 to to PART TO _ 29 mark _ _ 29 show show VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 25 advcl _ _ 30 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 belly belly NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obj _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 34 unken unken ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 reflex reflex NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 appos _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=31:conj 36 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 37 warning warn VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 29 ccomp _ _ 38 that that SCONJ IN _ 41 mark _ _ 39 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 40 nmod:poss _ _ 40 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nsubj _ _ 41 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 ccomp _ _ 42 bad bad ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 45 amod _ _ 43 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 42 punct _ _ 44 tasting tasting NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 compound _ _ 45 slime slime NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 46 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **belly** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **have** | present | bellied toads of Europe and Asia | a green back and a orange belly | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient | | 3 | **threaten** | participle | toads *= toad* *not said here* | | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | | 4 | **arch** | present | toads *= toad* | toads's back | | | | | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient | | 5 | **show** | to-infinitive | toads *= toad* *not said here* | the belly | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent belly=Recipient clause=Topic | | 6 | **warn** *speech: warn* | gerund | | | | | | | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 7 | **make** | present | toads's skin | bad tasting slime | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset slime=Product | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/14/) - next →: [Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croa…, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/)