--- title: Since 2020 a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal has been pushing… — Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale,… · tree and pragmatics description: Since 2020 a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal has been pushing and biting the rudders of sailing boats and has sunk a few; scientists are not sure why, maybe play or a fashion copied between orcas. Who acts: group, scientists. A sentence of the lesson «Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sp…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/) / 12 # Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, beluga and beaked whales, sentence 12 Since 2020 a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal has been pushing and biting the rudders of sailing boats and has sunk a few; scientists are not sure why, maybe play or a fashion copied between orcas. **Who acts:** group, scientists · **What happens:** push, bite, sink, not be, copy · **To what, where:** rudders, few, fashion, orcas This is a sentence of the lesson «Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, beluga and beaked whales» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (group, scientists), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales.lesson:12 # text = Since 2020 a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal has been pushing and biting the rudders of sailing boats and has sunk a few; scientists are not sure why, maybe play or a fashion copied between orcas. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Since since ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 2020 2020 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 13 obl _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 group group NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 orcas orca NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod _ _ 7 off off ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Spain Spain PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 Portugal Portugal PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 conj _ _ 11 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux _ _ 12 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 13 aux _ _ 13 pushing push VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 15 biting bite VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 13 conj _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 rudders rudder NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 18 of of ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 sailing sailing NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 compound _ _ 20 boats boat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nmod _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 22 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 sunk sink VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 13 conj _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:amod 26 ; ; PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 27 scientists scientist NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ _ 28 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 cop _ _ 29 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 30 advmod _ _ 30 sure sure ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 parataxis _ _ 31 why why ADV WRB PronType=Int 30 advmod _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 33 maybe maybe ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 34 play play NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 advcl _ _ 35 or or CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 fashion fashion NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 conj _ _ 38 copied copy VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 37 acl _ _ 39 between between ADP IN _ 40 case _ _ 40 orcas orca NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 obl _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 13 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **push** | present · perfect · progressive | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal | | | | since 2020 | | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **bite** | gerund | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal *not said here* | the rudders of sailing boats | | | | | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rudder=Patient | | 3 | **sink** | present · perfect | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal *not said here* | a few | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent few=Patient | | 4 | **not** **is** | present | scientists | | | | | sure *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **copy** | participle | | a fashion *not said here* | | orcas | | | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent between orca=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sp…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/11/) - next →: [Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sp…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/)