--- title: A bat's wing is a hand: four long fingers hold up the skin and a sho… — Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, t… · tree and pragmatics description: A bat's wing is a hand: four long fingers hold up the skin and a short clawed thumb sticks out; the skin stretches between the fingers, the body and the legs, and the name Chiroptera means hand-wing. Who acts: wing, four long fingers, short clawed thumb, skin. A sentence of the lesson «Bats of the w --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/) / 10 # Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers, sentence 10 A bat's wing is a hand: four long fingers hold up the skin and a short clawed thumb sticks out; the skin stretches between the fingers, the body and the legs, and the name Chiroptera means hand-wing. **Who acts:** wing, four long fingers, short clawed thumb, skin, name · **What happens:** be, hold up, claw, stick out, stretch, mean · **To what, where:** hand, skin, hand wing This is a sentence of the lesson «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wing, four long fingers, short clawed thumb, skin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers.lesson:10 # text = A bat's wing is a hand: four long fingers hold up the skin and a short clawed thumb sticks out; the skin stretches between the fingers, the body and the legs, and the name Chiroptera means hand-wing. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:det 2 bat bat NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _ 3 's 's PART POS _ 2 case _ _ 4 wing wing NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 5 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 hand hand NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 8 : : PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 9 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 11 nummod _ _ 10 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 fingers finger NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ _ 12 hold hold VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:conj 13 up up ADP RP _ 12 compound:prt _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obj _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 17 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 18 short short ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 19 clawed claw VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 amod _ _ 20 thumb thumb NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 21 sticks stick VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 22 out out ADP RP _ 21 compound:prt _ _ 23 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 26 stretches stretch VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 27 between between ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 fingers finger NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obl _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 body body NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 conj _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 41 cc _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=40:det 39 name name NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=40:compound 40 Chiroptera chiroptera PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 appos _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=41:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 41 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 conj _ _ 42 hand hand NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 compound _ _ 43 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 42 punct _ _ 44 wing wing NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 45 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a bat's wing | a hand | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **hold up** | present | four long fingers | the skin | | | | | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot skin=Theme | | 3 | **claw** | participle | | | | | | | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **stick out** | present | a short clawed thumb | | | | | | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **stretch** | present | the skin | | | | | between the fingers and the body and the legs | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 6 | **mean** | present | the name | hand wing | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/9/) - next →: [Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampi…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/)