--- title: When a bat closes in on an insect, its clicks speed up into a buzz t… — Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules, bat boxe… · tree and pragmatics description: When a bat closes in on an insect, its clicks speed up into a buzz that can be well over a hundred clicks a second, because more clicks give more echoes and a sharper picture of where the insect is. Who acts: bat, clicks, buzz, more clicks. A sentence of the lesson «Bats near home: pipistrelles, noc --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/) / 10 # Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules, bat boxes and why never to pick one up, sentence 10 When a bat closes in on an insect, its clicks speed up into a buzz that can be well over a hundred clicks a second, because more clicks give more echoes and a sharper picture of where the insect is. **Who acts:** bat, clicks, buzz, more clicks, insect · **What happens:** close, speed up, be, give, click · **To what, where:** buzz, hundred clicks, more echoes, sharper picture This is a sentence of the lesson «Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules, bat boxes and why never to pick one up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bat, clicks, buzz, more clicks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up.lesson:10 # text = When a bat closes in on an insect, its clicks speed up into a buzz that can be well over a hundred clicks a second, because more clicks give more echoes and a sharper picture of where the insect is. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1 1 When when SCONJ WRB _ 4 mark _ _ 2 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 bat bat NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 4 closes close VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 advcl _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 6 on on ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 insect insect NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 10 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ _ 11 clicks click NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ _ 12 speed speed VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 13 up up ADP RP _ 12 compound:prt _ _ 14 into into ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 buzz buzz NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 17 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 24 nsubj _ _ 18 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 24 aux _ _ 19 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 24 cop _ _ 20 well well ADV RB Degree=Pos 23 advmod _ _ 21 over over ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 hundred hundred NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 24 nummod _ _ 24 clicks click NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 acl:relcl _ _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 second second NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl:unmarked _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 28 because because SCONJ IN _ 31 mark _ _ 29 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 30 amod _ _ 30 clicks click NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 31 give give VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 advcl _ _ 32 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 33 amod _ _ 33 echoes echo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obj _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 35 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 36 sharper sharper ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 37 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=37:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:NN:Degree=Cmp 37 picture picture NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 conj _ _ 38 of of ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 37 acl _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 insect insect NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 42 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 cop _ _ 43 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **close** | present | a bat | | | | | in a insect | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent in insect=Topic | | 2 | **speed up** | present | bat's clicks | | | a buzz | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into buzz=Destination | | 3 | **is a** | can | a buzz | hundred clicks | | | second | | tree rules | | 4 | **give** | present | more clicks | more echoes and a sharper picture | | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent echo=Theme | | 5 | **is** | present | the insect | a sharper picture *not said here* | | | | where *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **click** | | bat | | | | | | nom click «event transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/9/) - next →: [Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/)