---
title: Poison dart frogs warn enemies with bright colours; they get their p… — Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders · tree and pragmatics
description: Poison dart frogs warn enemies with bright colours; they get their poison from ants and mites they eat in the wild, so zoo frogs fed on fruit flies are not poisonous. Who acts: dart frogs, Frogs, zoo frogs. A sentence of the lesson «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova'
---

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# Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, sentence 11

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Poison dart frogs warn enemies with bright colours; they get their poison from ants and mites they eat in the wild, so zoo frogs fed on fruit flies are not poisonous.

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**Who acts:** dart frogs, Frogs, zoo frogs · **What happens:** warn, get, eat, feed, not be · **To what, where:** enemies, poison, ants, wild, zoo frogs

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dart frogs, Frogs, zoo frogs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:032-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders.lesson:11
# text = Poison dart frogs warn enemies with bright colours; they get their poison from ants and mites they eat in the wild, so zoo frogs fed on fruit flies are not poisonous.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 032-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:compound
2	dart	dart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	warn	warn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	ants	ant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	mites	mite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	wild	wild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
25	zoo	zoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
27	fed	feed	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	acl	_	_
28	on	on	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	flies	fly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	_
31	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
32	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
33	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | dart frogs | enemies |  |  |  | with bright colours | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent enemy=Recipient |
| 2 | **get** | present | Frogs *= frog* | Frogs's poison |  | ants and mites |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent poison=Theme from ant=Source |
| 3 | **eat** | present | Frogs *= frog* | ants and mites *not said here* |  | the wild |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ant=Patient |
| 4 | **feed** | participle |  | zoo frogs *not said here* |  |  |  | on fruit flies | vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent on fly=Patient |
| 5 | **not** **is** | present | zoo frogs |  |  |  |  | poisonous *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:032-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders.lesson:11`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/10/)
- next →: [Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/12/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/)