--- title: Small birds burn a lot of energy staying warm, and a small bird can… — The garden in winter: bare trees, tracks in the… · tree and pragmatics description: Small birds burn a lot of energy staying warm, and a small bird can lose about a tenth of its weight in one cold night, so fat balls help, and water is as important as food in freezing weather. Who acts: Small birds, small bird, fat balls, water. A sentence of the lesson «The garden in winter: bare --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where/13/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The garden in winter: bare trees, trac…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where/) / 13 # The garden in winter: bare trees, tracks in the snow and who sleeps where, sentence 13 Small birds burn a lot of energy staying warm, and a small bird can lose about a tenth of its weight in one cold night, so fat balls help, and water is as important as food in freezing weather. **Who acts:** Small birds, small bird, fat balls, water · **What happens:** burn, stay, lose, help, be · **To what, where:** lot, tenth, freezing weather This is a sentence of the lesson «The garden in winter: bare trees, tracks in the snow and who sleeps where» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Small birds, small bird, fat balls, water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where.lesson:13 # text = Small birds burn a lot of energy staying warm, and a small bird can lose about a tenth of its weight in one cold night, so fat balls help, and water is as important as food in freezing weather. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 burn burn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 lot lot NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 energy energy NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _ 8 staying stay VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 3 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=7:acl 9 warm warm ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 xcomp _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 12 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 13 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 bird bird NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 15 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 16 aux _ _ 16 lose lose VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 conj _ _ 17 about about ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 18 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 tenth tenth NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=16:obl 20 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ _ 22 weight weight NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nmod _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 26 nummod _ _ 25 cold cold ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 28 so so ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 29 fat fat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 amod _ _ 30 balls ball NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 31 help help VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 34 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 nsubj _ _ 35 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 cop _ _ 36 as as ADV RB _ 37 advmod _ _ 37 important important ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 conj _ _ 38 as as ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 food food NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obl _ _ 40 in in ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 freezing freezing ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ _ 42 weather weather NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obl _ _ 43 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **burn** | present | Small birds | a lot of energy | | | | | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent lot=Theme | | 2 | **stay** | gerund | Small birds *not said here* | | | | | warm *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **lose** | can | a small bird | a tenth of tenth's weight | | | night | | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tenth=Eventuality | | 4 | **help** | present | fat balls | | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **is** | present | water | | | freezing weather | | as food; important *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where.lesson:13`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The garden in winter: bare trees, trac…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where/12/) - next →: [The garden in winter: bare trees, trac…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where/14/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/336-the-garden-in-winter-bare-trees-tracks-in-the-snow-and-who-sleeps-where/)