---
title: Each one has its own trick: a kestrel hangs over a motorway verge wi… — Birds of prey and owls · tree and pragmatics
description: Each one has its own trick: a kestrel hangs over a motorway verge with its head perfectly still, a peregrine drops from a cathedral tower faster than any other animal, and an osprey dives feet first into a lake. Who acts: one, kestrel, peregrine, osprey. A sentence of the lesson «Birds of prey and o
---

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# Birds of prey and owls, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each one has its own trick: a kestrel hangs over a motorway verge with its head perfectly still, a peregrine drops from a cathedral tower faster than any other animal, and an osprey dives feet first into a lake.

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**Who acts:** one, kestrel, peregrine, osprey, prey · **What happens:** have, hang, drop, dive, trick · **To what, where:** own trick, motorway verge, cathedral tower, feet, lake

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Birds of prey and owls» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one, kestrel, peregrine, osprey), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:034-birds-of-prey-and-owls.lesson:1
# text = Each one has its own trick: a kestrel hangs over a motorway verge with its head perfectly still, a peregrine drops from a cathedral tower faster than any other animal, and an osprey dives feet first into a lake.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 034-birds-of-prey-and-owls.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	trick	trick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kestrel	kestrel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	hangs	hang	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	over	over	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	motorway	motorway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	verge	verge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
18	perfectly	perfectly	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	still	still	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=19:punct
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	peregrine	peregrine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
23	drops	drop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
24	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	tower	tower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
28	faster	fast	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	23	advmod	_	_
29	than	than	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	32	det	_	_
31	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=23:cc
35	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	osprey	osprey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
37	dives	dive	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	conj	_	_
38	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=37:obl:unmarked
39	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	37	advmod	_	_
40	into	into	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | each one | prey's own trick |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trick=Patient |
| 2 | **hang** | present | a kestrel |  |  | a motorway verge |  | with prey's head | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over verge=Location |
| 3 | **drop** | present | a peregrine |  |  | a cathedral tower | still |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme from tower=Trajectory |
| 4 | **dive** | present | a osprey | feet |  | a lake |  | first *property* | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location foot=Theme |
| 5 | **trick** |  | prey |  |  |  |  |  | nom trick «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:034-birds-of-prey-and-owls.lesson:1`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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