--- title: Only some cheeses, like Emmental, have holes; they are gas bubbles m… — Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, bu… · tree and pragmatics description: Only some cheeses, like Emmental, have holes; they are gas bubbles made by bacteria, and Swiss scientists reported that specks of hay dust in the milk help them start. Who acts: cheeses, litres, Swiss scientists, specks. A sentence of the lesson «Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, butter --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Where milk comes from: cow to carton,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/) / 18 # Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, butter and yoghurt, sentence 18 Only some cheeses, like Emmental, have holes; they are gas bubbles made by bacteria, and Swiss scientists reported that specks of hay dust in the milk help them start. **Who acts:** cheeses, litres, Swiss scientists, specks · **What happens:** have, be, make, report, help, start · **To what, where:** holes, gas bubbles, litres This is a sentence of the lesson «Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, butter and yoghurt» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cheeses, litres, Swiss scientists, specks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt.lesson:18 # text = Only some cheeses, like Emmental, have holes; they are gas bubbles made by bacteria, and Swiss scientists reported that specks of hay dust in the milk help them start. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Only only ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 2 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 3 det _ _ 3 cheeses cheese NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 5 like like ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 Emmental Emmental PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _ 8 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 holes hole NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj _ _ 10 ; ; PUNCT : _ 14 punct _ _ 11 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 nsubj _ _ 12 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 cop _ _ 13 gas gas NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 compound _ _ 14 bubbles bubble NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 parataxis _ _ 15 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 14 acl _ _ 16 by by ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obl _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 20 Swiss Swiss ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 scientists scientist NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 reported report VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 conj _ _ 23 that that SCONJ IN _ 31 mark _ _ 24 specks speck NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 25 of of ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 hay hay NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 27 dust dust NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nmod _ _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 milk milk NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 nmod _ _ 31 help help VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 22 ccomp _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=22:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 32 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obj _ _ 33 start start VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 31 xcomp _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | some cheeses like Emmental | holes | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Patient | | 2 | **is a** | present | litres *= litre* | gas bubbles | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **make** | participle | | gas bubbles *not said here* | | | | by bacteria | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | | 4 | **report** | past | Swiss scientists | | | | | | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 5 | **help** | present | specks of hay dust in the milk | litres *= litre* | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary clause=Theme | | 6 | **start** | infinitive | litres *= litre* *not said here* | | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt.lesson:18`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Where milk comes from: cow to carton,…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/17/) - next →: [Where milk comes from: cow to carton,…, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/19/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/)