--- title: Hummingbirds beat their wings about 50 to 80 times a second in a fig… — Birds of every kind: penguins, ostriches, parrot… · tree and pragmatics description: Hummingbirds beat their wings about 50 to 80 times a second in a figure-of-eight, so they can hover and fly backwards; the bee hummingbird of Cuba is the smallest bird. Who acts: Hummingbirds, numbers, bee hummingbird. A sentence of the lesson «Birds of every kind: penguins, ostriches, parrots, humm --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/35-birds-of-every-kind/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Birds of every kind: penguins, ostrich…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/35-birds-of-every-kind/) / 9 # Birds of every kind: penguins, ostriches, parrots, hummingbirds, songbirds, crows, sentence 9 Hummingbirds beat their wings about 50 to 80 times a second in a figure-of-eight, so they can hover and fly backwards; the bee hummingbird of Cuba is the smallest bird. **Who acts:** Hummingbirds, numbers, bee hummingbird · **What happens:** beat, hover, fly, be · **To what, where:** wings, second smallest bird This is a sentence of the lesson «Birds of every kind: penguins, ostriches, parrots, hummingbirds, songbirds, crows» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hummingbirds, numbers, bee hummingbird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:035-birds-of-every-kind.lesson:9 # text = Hummingbirds beat their wings about 50 to 80 times a second in a figure-of-eight, so they can hover and fly backwards; the bee hummingbird of Cuba is the smallest bird. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 035-birds-of-every-kind.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2 1 Hummingbirds hummingbird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 beat beat VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ _ 4 wings wing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 5 about about ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 6 50 50 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 9 nummod _ _ 7 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 80 80 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 nmod _ _ 9 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obl:unmarked _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 11 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=36:det 11 second second ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 36 amod _ _ 12 in in ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=36:det 14 figure figure NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 15 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 18 punct _ _ 16 of of ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 16 punct _ _ 18 eight eight NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 14 nmod _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 20 so so ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 21 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 22 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 23 hover hover VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 advcl _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=23:cc 25 fly fly VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 23 conj _ _ 26 backwards backward ADV RB _ 25 advmod _ _ 27 ; ; PUNCT : _ 36 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=2:punct 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 29 bee bee NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 compound _ _ 30 hummingbird hummingbird NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 Cuba Cuba PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nmod _ _ 33 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 cop _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 35 smallest small ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 36 amod _ _ 36 bird bird NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **beat** | present | Hummingbirds | numbers's wings | | | time | in a figure of eight | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent wing=Patient in figure=Topic | | 2 | **hover** | can | numbers *= number* | | | | | | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **fly** | infinitive | numbers *= number* *not said here* | | | | | backward *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **is a** | present | the bee hummingbird of Cuba | the second smallest bird | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:035-birds-of-every-kind.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Birds of every kind: penguins, ostrich…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/35-birds-of-every-kind/8/) - next →: [Birds of every kind: penguins, ostrich…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/35-birds-of-every-kind/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/35-birds-of-every-kind/)