--- title: Skin makes vitamin D in sunlight, which helps bones use calcium; in… — Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and su… · tree and pragmatics description: Skin makes vitamin D in sunlight, which helps bones use calcium; in Britain the winter sun is too weak for this, so many people take vitamin D in autumn and winter. Who acts: Skin, sunlight, bones, winter sun. A sentence of the lesson «Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and sunburn» of the bi --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freck…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn/) / 16 # Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and sunburn, sentence 16 Skin makes vitamin D in sunlight, which helps bones use calcium; in Britain the winter sun is too weak for this, so many people take vitamin D in autumn and winter. **Who acts:** Skin, sunlight, bones, winter sun, many people · **What happens:** make, help, use, be, take · **To what, where:** vitamin D, sunlight, calcium, Britain This is a sentence of the lesson «Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and sunburn» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Skin, sunlight, bones, winter sun), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn.lesson:16 # text = Skin makes vitamin D in sunlight, which helps bones use calcium; in Britain the winter sun is too weak for this, so many people take vitamin D in autumn and winter. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 vitamin vitamin NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 D D NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 sunlight sunlight NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 9 nsubj _ _ 9 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 acl:relcl _ _ 10 bones bone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _ 11 use use VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:ccomp|HaikuPos=VERB:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 calcium calcium NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obj _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT : _ 21 punct _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 Britain Britain PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 obl _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 17 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 sun sun NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 19 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop _ _ 20 too too ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 21 weak weak ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 22 for for ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 this this PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 21 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 25 so so ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 26 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 nsubj _ _ 28 take take VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 29 vitamin vitamin NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 compound _ _ 30 D D NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obj _ _ 31 in in ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 autumn autumn NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obl _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 34 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 conj _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **make** | present | Skin | vitamin D | | sunlight | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset d=Product | | 2 | **help** | present | sunlight | | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 3 | **use** | infinitive | bones | calcium | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calcium=Patient | | 4 | **is** | present | the winter sun | | | Britain | | for this; weak *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **take** | present | many people | vitamin D | | | autumn | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent d=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freck…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn/15/) - next →: [Skin: fingerprints, scabs, scars, brui…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/354-skin-fingerprints-scabs-scars-bruises-and-blisters/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn/)