---
title: A newborn's wrist bones are mostly soft cartilage that hardens one b… — Bones by name: shoulders, arms and hands · tree and pragmatics
description: A newborn's wrist bones are mostly soft cartilage that hardens one by one through childhood, so a doctor can estimate a child's bone age from a wrist X-ray; an adult's shows all eight. Who acts: wrist bones, soft cartilage, doctor, adult. A sentence of the lesson «Bones by name: shoulders, arms and 
---

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# Bones by name: shoulders, arms and hands, sentence 11

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A newborn's wrist bones are mostly soft cartilage that hardens one by one through childhood, so a doctor can estimate a child's bone age from a wrist X-ray; an adult's shows all eight.

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**Who acts:** wrist bones, soft cartilage, doctor, adult · **What happens:** be, harden, estimate, show · **To what, where:** soft cartilage, one, bone age, wrist X ray, eight

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Bones by name: shoulders, arms and hands» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wrist bones, soft cartilage, doctor, adult), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:358-bones-by-name-shoulders-arms-and-hands.lesson:11
# text = A newborn's wrist bones are mostly soft cartilage that hardens one by one through childhood, so a doctor can estimate a child's bone age from a wrist X-ray; an adult's shows all eight.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 358-bones-by-name-shoulders-arms-and-hands.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	newborn	newborn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	_
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	wrist	wrist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	hardens	harden	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	obj	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
15	through	through	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	childhood	childhood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	so	so	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
21	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	estimate	estimate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod:poss	_	_
25	's	's	PART	POS	_	24	case	_	_
26	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
28	from	from	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
30	wrist	wrist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	_
31	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	_
32	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	31	punct	_	_
33	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
34	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	38	punct	_	_
35	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	adult	adult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nsubj	_	_
37	's	's	PART	POS	_	36	case	_	_
38	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
39	all	all	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
40	eight	eight	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	38	obj	_	_
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a newborn's wrist bones | soft cartilage |  |  |  | mostly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **harden** | present | soft cartilage | one |  |  |  | by one childhood | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent one=Patient |
| 3 | **estimate** | can | a doctor | a child's bone age |  | a wrist X ray |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent age=Value |
| 4 | **show** | present | a adult | eight |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent eight=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:358-bones-by-name-shoulders-arms-and-hands.lesson:11`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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