--- title: People often say rhinoceros beetles lift hundreds of times their wei… — Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highes… · tree and pragmatics description: People often say rhinoceros beetles lift hundreds of times their weight; careful tests found less, but still many times their weight, and they use their horns to wrestle rivals off branches. Who acts: People, rhinoceros beetles, beetles. A sentence of the lesson «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Tiny champions: the strongest beetle,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/) / 5 # Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede, sentence 5 People often say rhinoceros beetles lift hundreds of times their weight; careful tests found less, but still many times their weight, and they use their horns to wrestle rivals off branches. **Who acts:** People, rhinoceros beetles, beetles · **What happens:** say, lift, find, use, wrestle · **To what, where:** hundreds, careful tests, horns, rivals · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (People, rhinoceros beetles, beetles), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede.lesson:5 # text = People often say rhinoceros beetles lift hundreds of times their weight; careful tests found less, but still many times their weight, and they use their horns to wrestle rivals off branches. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1 1 People people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 2 often often ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 3 say say VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 rhinoceros rhinoceros NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 compound _ _ 5 beetles beetle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 6 lift lift VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 7 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obj _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _ 10 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ _ 11 weight weight NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 appos _ _ 12 ; ; PUNCT : _ 14 punct _ _ 13 careful careful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 tests test NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 conj _ _ 15 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 14 acl _ _ 16 less less ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 15 advmod _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 18 but but CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 19 still still ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 20 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl:unmarked _ _ 22 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ _ 23 weight weight NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 appos _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 26 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 nsubj _ _ 27 use use VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:parataxis 28 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ _ 29 horns horn NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obj _ _ 30 to to PART TO _ 31 mark _ _ 31 wrestle wrestle VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 27 advcl _ _ 32 rivals rival NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obj _ _ 33 off off ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 branches branch NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | People | | | | time | often *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **lift** | present | rhinoceros beetles | hundreds of times | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme | | 3 | **find** | participle | | careful tests *not said here* | | | | less *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **use** | present | beetles *= beetle* | beetles's horns | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient | | 5 | **wrestle** | to-infinitive | beetles *= beetle* *not said here* | rivals | | | | off branches | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rival=Co-Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede.lesson:5`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Tiny champions: the strongest beetle,…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/4/) - next →: [Tiny champions: the strongest beetle,…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/)