--- title: Swifts have tiny feet with all four toes able to point forward for h… — City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows a… · tree and pragmatics description: Swifts have tiny feet with all four toes able to point forward for hooking onto walls; their name Apus means without feet, and with long wings they find it hard to take off from flat ground. Who acts: Swifts, tiny feet, name, Apus. A sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, c --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/) / 12 # City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 12 Swifts have tiny feet with all four toes able to point forward for hooking onto walls; their name Apus means without feet, and with long wings they find it hard to take off from flat ground. **Who acts:** Swifts, tiny feet, name, Apus · **What happens:** have, point, hook, mean, find, take off · **To what, where:** tiny feet, walls, Apus, flat ground This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Swifts, tiny feet, name, Apus), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:12 # text = Swifts have tiny feet with all four toes able to point forward for hooking onto walls; their name Apus means without feet, and with long wings they find it hard to take off from flat ground. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 Swifts swift NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 tiny tiny ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 feet foot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 5 with with ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 6 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 8 det _ _ 7 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 8 nummod _ _ 8 toes toe NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod _ _ 9 able able ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 10 to to PART TO _ 11 mark _ _ 11 point point VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 xcomp _ _ 12 forward forward ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 13 for for SCONJ IN _ 14 mark _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=14:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_ 14 hooking hook VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 11 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:obl 15 onto onto ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 walls wall NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 obl _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 18 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:nmod:poss 19 name name NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:compound 20 Apus apus NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 21 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 22 without without ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 feet foot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 26 with with ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 amod _ _ 28 wings wing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obl _ _ 29 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 30 find find VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 31 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 expl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=30:obj 32 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 xcomp _ _ 33 to to PART TO _ 34 mark _ _ 34 take take VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 32 xcomp _ _ 35 off off ADP RP _ 34 compound:prt _ _ 36 from from ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 flat flat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 amod _ _ 38 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obl _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Swifts | tiny feet | | | | with all four toes | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient | | 2 | **point** | to-infinitive | tiny feet *not said here* | | | | | forward *property* | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **hook** | gerund | tiny feet *not said here* | | | walls | | | vn coil-9.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme onto wall=Destination | | 4 | **mean** | present | swifts's name | | | | | without feet | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **find** | present | swifts *= swift* | Apus | | | | with long wings; hard *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **take off** | to-infinitive | Apus *not said here* | | | flat ground | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from ground=Initial\_Location | | 7 | **name** | | swifts *= swift* | | | | | | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/11/) - next →: [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/)