--- title: In winter crows gather in roosts of hundreds or thousands at night f… — City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows a… · tree and pragmatics description: In winter crows gather in roosts of hundreds or thousands at night for safety and perhaps to share news of food, and they often gather calling around a dead crow, which scientists think teaches them about danger. Who acts: crows, scientists, dead crow. A sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/13/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/) / 13 # City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 13 In winter crows gather in roosts of hundreds or thousands at night for safety and perhaps to share news of food, and they often gather calling around a dead crow, which scientists think teaches them about danger. **Who acts:** crows, scientists, dead crow · **What happens:** gather, share, call around, think, teach · **To what, where:** roosts, news, dead crow, crows This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (crows, scientists, dead crow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:13 # text = In winter crows gather in roosts of hundreds or thousands at night for safety and perhaps to share news of food, and they often gather calling around a dead crow, which scientists think teaches them about danger. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 3 crows crow NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 gather gather VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 roosts roost NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:obl 7 of of ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 9 or or CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 thousands thousand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 11 at at ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:obl 13 for for ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 safety safety NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:nmod 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 16 perhaps perhaps ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 17 to to PART TO _ 18 mark _ _ 18 share share VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 conj _ _ 19 news news NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obj _ _ 20 of of ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 food food NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nmod _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=4:punct 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 24 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ _ 25 often often ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 26 gather gather VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 27 calling call VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 26 xcomp _ _ 28 around around ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 30 dead dead ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 crow crow NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obj _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 33 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 36 nsubj _ _ 34 scientists scientist NOUN NNS Number=Plur 35 nsubj _ _ 35 think think VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 parataxis _ _ 36 teaches teach VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 31 acl:relcl _ _ 37 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 36 obj _ _ 38 about about ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 danger danger NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=36:nmod 40 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **gather** | present | crows | | | roosts of hundreds or thousands | night; winter | for safety | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for safety=Beneficiary | | 2 | **share** | to-infinitive | crows *not said here* | news of food | | | | perhaps *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **gather** | present | crows *= crow* | | | | | often *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 4 | **call around** *speech: assert* | gerund | crows *= crow* *not said here* | | a dead crow | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent crow=Recipient | | 5 | **think** *speech: other* | present | scientists | | | | | | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **teach** *speech: other* | present | a dead crow | | crows *= crow* | | | about danger | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent they=Recipient about danger=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:13`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/12/) - next →: [City birds: sparrows, starlings, swift…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/14/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/)