--- title: Red wood ants bite and spray a stinging acid from their back end to… — Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoes, wasps,… · tree and pragmatics description: Red wood ants bite and spray a stinging acid from their back end to defend their nest mounds, which can hold hundreds of thousands of ants; it stings but is not dangerous. Who acts: Red wood ants, nest mounds, acid. A sentence of the lesson «Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoes, wasps, ticks, dog --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoe…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches/) / 16 # Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoes, wasps, ticks, dog bites and cat scratches, sentence 16 Red wood ants bite and spray a stinging acid from their back end to defend their nest mounds, which can hold hundreds of thousands of ants; it stings but is not dangerous. **Who acts:** Red wood ants, nest mounds, acid · **What happens:** bite, spray, defend, hold, sting, not be · **To what, where:** stinging acid, back end, nest mounds, hundreds This is a sentence of the lesson «Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoes, wasps, ticks, dog bites and cat scratches» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Red wood ants, nest mounds, acid), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches.lesson:16 # text = Red wood ants bite and spray a stinging acid from their back end to defend their nest mounds, which can hold hundreds of thousands of ants; it stings but is not dangerous. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Red red ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 wood wood NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 ants ant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 bite bite VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 6 spray spray VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=8:det 8 stinging sting ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 acid acid NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ _ 10 from from ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 11 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 13 nmod:poss _ _ 12 back back NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=13:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 13 end end NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 14 to to PART TO _ 15 mark _ _ 15 defend defend VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 advcl _ _ 16 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ _ 17 nest nest NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 mounds mound NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 20 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 22 nsubj _ _ 21 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 22 aux _ _ 22 hold hold VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 18 acl:relcl _ _ 23 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obj _ _ 24 of of ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 thousands thousand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 ants ant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nmod _ _ 28 ; ; PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=4:punct 29 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 30 stings sting VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 31 but but CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=30:cc 32 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 cop _ _ 33 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 34 advmod _ _ 34 dangerous dangerous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 conj _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **bite** | present | Red wood ants | | | | | | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **spray** | present | Red wood ants *not said here* | a stinging acid | | | from ants's back end | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent acid=Theme | | 3 | **defend** | to-infinitive | Red wood ants *not said here* | ants's nest mounds | | | | | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mound=Beneficiary | | 4 | **hold** | can | ants's nest mounds | hundreds of thousands of ants | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme | | 5 | **sting** | present | acid | | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus | | 6 | **not** **is** | present | acid *not said here* | | | | | dangerous *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoe…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches/15/) - next →: [Bites, stings and scratches: mosquitoe…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/399-bites-stings-and-scratches-mosquitoes-wasps-ticks-dog-bites-and-cat-scratches/)