--- title: The nightjar, which frightened Toad in the night wood, is a bird tha… — The real animals of the Wild Wood: the badger, t… · tree and pragmatics description: The nightjar, which frightened Toad in the night wood, is a bird that hunts moths at dusk, makes a long churring sound like a little engine and flies to Africa for the winter. Who acts: nightjar, bird. A sentence of the lesson «The real animals of the Wild Wood: the badger, the stoat, the weasel, th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The real animals of the Wild Wood: the…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs/) / 20 # The real animals of the Wild Wood: the badger, the stoat, the weasel, the ferret, field-mice and hedgehogs in winter, sentence 20 The nightjar, which frightened Toad in the night wood, is a bird that hunts moths at dusk, makes a long churring sound like a little engine and flies to Africa for the winter. **Who acts:** nightjar, bird · **What happens:** frighten, be, hunt, make, churr, fly · **To what, where:** Toad, night wood, bird, moths, long churring sound, Africa This is a sentence of the lesson «The real animals of the Wild Wood: the badger, the stoat, the weasel, the ferret, field-mice and hedgehogs in winter» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (nightjar, bird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs.lesson:20 # text = The nightjar, which frightened Toad in the night wood, is a bird that hunts moths at dusk, makes a long churring sound like a little engine and flies to Africa for the winter. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 nightjar nightjar NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 4 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 5 nsubj _ _ 5 frightened frighten VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 acl:relcl _ _ 6 Toad Toad PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 7 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 compound _ _ 10 wood wood NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:nmod 11 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 12 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 cop _ _ 13 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 bird bird NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 15 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 16 nsubj _ _ 16 hunts hunt VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 acl:relcl _ _ 17 moths moth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 obj _ _ 18 at at ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 dusk dusk NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 conj _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 23 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 24 churring churr VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 25 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:amod 25 sound sound NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obj _ _ 26 like like ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 27 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 28 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ _ 29 engine engine NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 flies fly VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 32 to to ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 31 obl _ _ 34 for for ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 winter winter NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 obl _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 14 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **frighten** | past | the nightjar | Toad | | the night wood | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus toad=Experiencer | | 2 | **is a** | present | the nightjar | a bird | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **hunt** | present | a bird | moths | | | dusk | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent moth=Theme | | 4 | **make** | present | a bird *not said here* | a long churring sound | | | | like a little engine | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product | | 5 | **churr** | gerund | | | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **fly** | present | a bird *not said here* | | Africa | | winter | | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to africa=Result | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs.lesson:20`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The real animals of the Wild Wood: the…, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs/18/) - next →: [Alice in Wonderland, chapter I, part 1…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/1-alice-ch1-part1-down-the-rabbit-hole/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/405-the-real-animals-of-the-wild-wood-badger-stoat-weasel-ferret-field-mice-and-winter-hedgehogs/)