---
title: A kestrel hovers into the wind with its head perfectly still, which… — Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and d… · tree and pragmatics
description: A kestrel hovers into the wind with its head perfectly still, which keeps the picture steady, to spot the tiny movements of voles and mice in the grass; a 1995 study suggested it may see ultraviolet light from voles' urine trails. Who acts: kestrel, head, 1995 study, study. A sentence of the lesson 
---

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# Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers, sentence 5

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A kestrel hovers into the wind with its head perfectly still, which keeps the picture steady, to spot the tiny movements of voles and mice in the grass; a 1995 study suggested it may see ultraviolet light from voles' urine trails.

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**Who acts:** kestrel, head, 1995 study, study · **What happens:** hover, keep, spot, suggest, see, move · **To what, where:** wind, picture, tiny movements, ultraviolet light, urine trails, voles · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Who eats whom: predators, prey, scavengers and decomposers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (kestrel, head, 1995 study, study), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:047-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers.lesson:5
# text = A kestrel hovers into the wind with its head perfectly still, which keeps the picture steady, to spot the tiny movements of voles and mice in the grass; a 1995 study suggested it may see ultraviolet light from voles' urine trails.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 047-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kestrel	kestrel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hovers	hover	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	perfectly	perfectly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:det
16	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	steady	steady	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	spot	spot	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	movements	movement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	voles	vole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	mice	mouse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	conj	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
31	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	35	punct	_	_
32	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
33	1995	1995	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	_
34	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
35	suggested	suggest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
36	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj	_	_
37	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	38	aux	_	_
38	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	ccomp	_	_
39	ultraviolet	ultraviolet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=40:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
40	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obj	_	_
41	from	from	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
42	voles	vole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	nmod:poss	_	_
43	'	's	PART	POS	_	42	case	_	_
44	urine	urine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	compound	_	_
45	trails	trail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	obl	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hover** | present | a kestrel |  |  | the wind with kestrel's head |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | present | kestrel's head | the picture |  |  |  | steady *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent picture=Theme |
| 3 | **spot** | to-infinitive | a kestrel *not said here* | the tiny movements of voles and mice |  |  |  | in the grass | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent movement=Destination in grass=Theme |
| 4 | **suggest** *speech: suggest* | past | a 1995 study |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **see** | may | study | ultraviolet light |  | voles's urine trails |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer light=Stimulus |
| 6 | **move** |  |  | voles and mice |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:047-predators-prey-scavengers-decomposers.lesson:5`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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