---
title: Animals do not speak words like us, but they send each other message… — How animals talk · tree and pragmatics
description: Animals do not speak words like us, but they send each other messages all the time with sounds, dances, smells, light and the way they hold their bodies. Who acts: Animals. A sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pra
---

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# How animals talk, sentence 0

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals do not speak words like us, but they send each other messages all the time with sounds, dances, smells, light and the way they hold their bodies.

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**Who acts:** Animals · **What happens:** not speak, send, hold · **To what, where:** words, other messages, bodies · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Animals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:0
# text = Animals do not speak words like us, but they send each other messages all the time with sounds, dances, smells, light and the way they hold their bodies.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 050-how-animals-talk.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nmod	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	send	send	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
12	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
13	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	messages	message	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
15	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	17	det:predet	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	dances	dance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	smells	smell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	_
29	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	acl:relcl	_	_
31	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obj	_	_
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **speak** *speech: other* | present · do-support | Animals | words |  |  |  | like us | tree rules |
| 2 | **send** | present | Animals *= animal* | each other messages |  |  | time |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme |
| 3 | **hold** | present | Animals *= animal* | Animals's bodies |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:0`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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