---
title: Elephants make deep rumbles, many too low for us to hear, called inf… — How animals talk · tree and pragmatics
description: Elephants make deep rumbles, many too low for us to hear, called infrasound, which carry several kilometres and may be felt through their feet and trunk; an elephant may stand still with its ears spread out to listen for them. Who acts: Elephants, us, deep rumbles, infrasound. A sentence of the less
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/10/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How animals talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/) / 10

# How animals talk, sentence 10

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Elephants make deep rumbles, many too low for us to hear, called infrasound, which carry several kilometres and may be felt through their feet and trunk; an elephant may stand still with its ears spread out to listen for them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Elephants, us, deep rumbles, infrasound, elephant · **What happens:** make, hear, call, carry, feel, stand · **To what, where:** deep rumbles, infrasound, several kilometres, feet, ears · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elephants, us, deep rumbles, infrasound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:10
# text = Elephants make deep rumbles, many too low for us to hear, called infrasound, which carry several kilometres and may be felt through their feet and trunk; an elephant may stand still with its ears spread out to listen for them.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 050-how-animals-talk.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	rumbles	rumble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nsubj	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
9	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
15	infrasound	infrasound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	xcomp	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
19	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
23	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	aux:pass	_	_
24	felt	feel	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
25	through	through	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	trunk	trunk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	conj	_	_
30	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
31	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nsubj	_	_
33	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
34	stand	stand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj
35	still	still	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
36	with	with	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	38	nmod:poss	_	_
38	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	obl	_	_
39	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	38	acl	_	_
40	out	out	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
41	to	to	PART	TO	_	42	mark	_	_
42	listen	listen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	39	advcl	_	_
43	for	for	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	42	obl	_	_
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Elephants | deep rumbles |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rumble=Product |
| 2 | **hear** | to-infinitive | us |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **call** | participle | deep rumbles *not said here* | infrasound |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **carry** | present | infrasound | several kilometres |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kilometre=Theme |
| 5 | **feel** | may · passive | infrasound *not said here* |  |  | Elephants's feet and trunk |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: through foot=Location |
| 6 | **stand** | may | a elephant |  |  |  | still | with trunk's ears | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **spread out** | participle |  | trunk's ears *not said here* |  |  |  | out *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **listen** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | for Elephants *= elephant* | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [How animals talk, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/9/)
- next →: [How animals talk, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/11/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/)