--- title: Vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for leopards, eagles and s… — How animals talk · tree and pragmatics description: Vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for leopards, eagles and snakes: at the leopard call they run up trees, at the eagle call they dive into bushes, and at the snake call they stand and look at the ground, because each predator attacks in a different way; young vervets sometimes call at harmle --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How animals talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/) / 5 # How animals talk, sentence 5 Vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for leopards, eagles and snakes: at the leopard call they run up trees, at the eagle call they dive into bushes, and at the snake call they stand and look at the ground, because each predator attacks in a different way; young vervets sometimes call at harmless birds and learn the right use from adults over time. **Who acts:** Vervet monkeys, monkeys, predator, young vervets · **What happens:** have, run up, dive, stand, look, attack · **To what, where:** different alarm calls, leopard call, trees, eagle call, bushes, snake call · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vervet monkeys, monkeys, predator, young vervets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:5 # text = Vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for leopards, eagles and snakes: at the leopard call they run up trees, at the eagle call they dive into bushes, and at the snake call they stand and look at the ground, because each predator attacks in a different way; young vervets sometimes call at harmless birds and learn the right use from adults over time. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 050-how-animals-talk.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Vervet vervet NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 monkeys monkey NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 5 alarm alarm NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 calls call NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 7 for for ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 leopards leopard NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 10 eagles eagle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 snakes snake NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 13 : : PUNCT : _ 21 punct _ _ 14 at at ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 leopard leopard NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 compound _ _ 17 call call NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 18 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 nsubj _ _ 19 run run VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 acl:relcl _ _ 20 up up ADP RP _ 19 compound:prt _ _ 21 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 at at ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 eagle eagle NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 compound _ _ 26 call call NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 27 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 nsubj _ _ 28 dive dive VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 acl:relcl _ _ 29 into into ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 bushes bush NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obl _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 33 at at ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 35 snake snake NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 compound _ _ 36 call call NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ _ 37 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nsubj _ _ 38 stand stand VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 acl:relcl _ _ 39 and and CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 40 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 38 conj _ _ 41 at at ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 obl _ _ 44 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 45 because because SCONJ IN ExtPos=ADP 48 mark _ _ 46 each each DET DT PronType=Tot 47 det _ _ 47 predator predator NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 nsubj _ _ 48 attacks attack VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 advcl _ _ 49 in in ADP IN _ 52 case _ _ 50 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 52 det _ _ 51 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 52 amod _ _ 52 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 obl _ _ 53 ; ; PUNCT : _ 55 punct _ _ 54 young young ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 55 amod _ _ 55 vervets vervet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 57 nsubj _ _ 56 sometimes sometimes ADV RB PronType=Ind 57 advmod _ _ 57 call call VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 conj _ _ 58 at at ADP IN _ 60 case _ _ 59 harmless harmless ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 60 amod _ _ 60 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 57 obl _ _ 61 and and CCONJ CC _ 62 cc _ _ 62 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 57 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=57:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 63 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 65 det _ _ 64 right right ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 65 amod _ _ 65 use use NOUN NN Number=Sing 62 obj _ _ 66 from from ADP IN _ 67 case _ _ 67 adults adult NOUN NNS Number=Plur 65 nmod _ _ 68 over over ADP IN _ 69 case _ _ 69 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 62 obl _ _ 70 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Vervet monkeys | different alarm calls | | the leopard call | | for leopards and eagles and snakes; at the eagle call | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent call=Patient | | 2 | **run up** | present | monkeys *= monkey* | trees | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Trajectory | | 3 | **dive** | present | monkeys *= monkey* | the eagle call *not said here* | | bushes | | | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location call=Theme | | 4 | **stand** | present | monkeys *= monkey* | the snake call *not said here* | | | | | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer call=Stimulus | | 5 | **look** | present | monkeys *= monkey* *not said here* | | | | | at the ground | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at ground=Theme | | 6 | **attack** | present | each predator | | | a different way | | | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **call** | present | young vervets | | | | | at harmless birds; sometimes *property* | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Agent at bird=Stimulus | | 8 | **learn** | present | young vervets *not said here* | the right use | | | time | from adults | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent use=Topic from adult=Source | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:5`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How animals talk, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/4/) - next →: [How animals talk, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/)