--- title: Male humpback whales sing long songs of repeated themes for hours; m… — How animals talk · tree and pragmatics description: Male humpback whales sing long songs of repeated themes for hours; males in one region sing nearly the same song, and new songs can spread across the Pacific over a few years. Who acts: Male humpback whales, males, new songs, repeated themes. A sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biolog --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How animals talk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/) / 9 # How animals talk, sentence 9 Male humpback whales sing long songs of repeated themes for hours; males in one region sing nearly the same song, and new songs can spread across the Pacific over a few years. **Who acts:** Male humpback whales, males, new songs, repeated themes · **What happens:** sing, repeat, spread · **To what, where:** long songs, same song, Pacific This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male humpback whales, males, new songs, repeated themes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:9 # text = Male humpback whales sing long songs of repeated themes for hours; males in one region sing nearly the same song, and new songs can spread across the Pacific over a few years. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 050-how-animals-talk.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 Male male ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 humpback humpback NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 whales whale NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 sing sing VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 songs song NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obj _ _ 7 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 repeated repeat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 amod _ _ 9 themes theme NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 10 for for ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 hours hour NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 12 ; ; PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 13 males male NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 nsubj _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 16 nummod _ _ 16 region region NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 17 sing sing VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 18 nearly nearly ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 song song NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 24 new new ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 songs song NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nsubj _ _ 26 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 27 aux _ _ 27 spread spread VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 conj _ _ 28 across across ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 Pacific Pacific PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 obl _ _ 31 over over ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 32 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 33 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | Male humpback whales | long songs of repeated themes | | | hour | | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme | | 2 | **repeat** | participle | | | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 3 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | males in one region | the same song | | | | | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme | | 4 | **spread** | can | new songs | | | the Pacific | year | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across pacific=Destination | | 5 | **sing** | | repeated themes | | | | | | nom song «communication intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How animals talk, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/8/) - next →: [How animals talk, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/)