--- title: Wild poison dart frogs have poison in their skin, made from the ants… — How animals defend themselves · tree and pragmatics description: Wild poison dart frogs have poison in their skin, made from the ants and mites they eat, and their bright colours warn predators, which learn the colours and leave them alone; zoo-raised ones fed on crickets are not poisonous. Who acts: Wild dart frogs, frog, bright colours, predators. A sentence of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How animals defend themselves](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/) / 8 # How animals defend themselves, sentence 8 Wild poison dart frogs have poison in their skin, made from the ants and mites they eat, and their bright colours warn predators, which learn the colours and leave them alone; zoo-raised ones fed on crickets are not poisonous. **Who acts:** Wild dart frogs, frog, bright colours, predators, raised ones · **What happens:** have, make, eat, warn, learn, leave · **To what, where:** poison, skin, ants, predators, colours, raised ones This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals defend themselves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Wild dart frogs, frog, bright colours, predators), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson:8 # text = Wild poison dart frogs have poison in their skin, made from the ants and mites they eat, and their bright colours warn predators, which learn the colours and leave them alone; zoo-raised ones fed on crickets are not poisonous. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Wild wild ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 2 poison poison NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 dart dart NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 frogs frog NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 5 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 poison poison NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 9 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 11 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 advcl _ _ 12 from from ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 ants ant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 mites mite NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 conj _ _ 17 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ _ 18 eat eat VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 acl:relcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=11:acl:relcl 19 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 20 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 21 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ _ 22 bright bright ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 colours colour NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 nsubj _ _ 24 warn warn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 25 predators predator NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obj _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 27 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 28 nsubj _ _ 28 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 acl:relcl _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 colours colour NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obj _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 32 leave leave VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=28:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ _ 34 alone alone ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 35 ; ; PUNCT : _ 39 punct _ _ 36 zoo zoo NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 37 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 36 punct _ _ 38 raised raise VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 39 amod _ _ 39 ones one NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 nsubj _ _ 40 fed feed VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 39 acl _ _ 41 on on ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 42 crickets cricket NOUN NNS Number=Plur 40 obl _ _ 43 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 45 cop _ _ 44 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 45 advmod _ _ 45 poisonous poisonous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 46 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Wild dart frogs | poison | | frog's skin | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poison=Patient | | 2 | **make** | participle | Wild dart frogs *not said here* | | | the ants and mites | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from ant=Material | | 3 | **eat** | present | frog | the ants and mites *not said here* | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ant=Patient | | 4 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | frog's bright colours | predators | | | | | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent predator=Recipient | | 5 | **learn** | present | predators | the colours | | | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Topic | | 6 | **leave** | present | predators *not said here* | colours *= colour* | | | | alone *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 7 | **raise** | participle | | | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **feed** | participle | | raised ones *not said here* | | | | on crickets | vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent on cricket=Patient | | 9 | **not** **is** | present | raised ones | | | | | poisonous *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson:8`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How animals defend themselves, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/7/) - next →: [How animals defend themselves, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/)