--- title: Young cuckoos are raised by other birds and fly to Africa alone, so… — Migration: the great journeys · tree and pragmatics description: Young cuckoos are raised by other birds and fly to Africa alone, so the route must be inborn; trackers showed cuckoos crossing the Sahara in one flight lasting days. Who acts: other birds, route, trackers, cuckoos. A sentence of the lesson «Migration: the great journeys» of the biology course of Mov --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Migration: the great journeys](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/) / 15 # Migration: the great journeys, sentence 15 Young cuckoos are raised by other birds and fly to Africa alone, so the route must be inborn; trackers showed cuckoos crossing the Sahara in one flight lasting days. **Who acts:** other birds, route, trackers, cuckoos, one flight · **What happens:** raise, fly, be, show, cross, last · **To what, where:** Young cuckoos, Africa, cuckoos, Sahara This is a sentence of the lesson «Migration: the great journeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other birds, route, trackers, cuckoos), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:054-migration-the-great-journeys.lesson:15 # text = Young cuckoos are raised by other birds and fly to Africa alone, so the route must be inborn; trackers showed cuckoos crossing the Sahara in one flight lasting days. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 054-migration-the-great-journeys.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Young young ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 cuckoos cuckoo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 raised raise VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 by by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 other other ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 birds bird NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl:agent _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 fly fly VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 10 to to ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 12 alone alone ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 14 so so ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 route route NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 17 must must AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 19 aux _ _ 18 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 19 cop _ _ 19 inborn inborn ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 20 ; ; PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 21 trackers tracker NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 showed show VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 23 cuckoos cuckoo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obj _ _ 24 crossing cross VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 23 acl _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 Sahara Sahara PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 obj _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 29 nummod _ _ 29 flight flight NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 30 lasting last VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 29 acl _ _ 31 days day NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obl:unmarked _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **raise** | present · passive | other birds | Young cuckoos | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | | 2 | **fly** | present | other birds *not said here* | | Africa | | | alone *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to africa=Result | | 3 | **is** | must | the route | | | | | inborn *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **show** | past | trackers | cuckoos | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent cuckoo=Recipient | | 5 | **cross** | gerund | cuckoos *not said here* | the Sahara | | | | in one flight | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent sahara=Patient in flight=Topic | | 6 | **last** | gerund | one flight *not said here* | | | | day | | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:054-migration-the-great-journeys.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Migration: the great journeys, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/14/) - next →: [Migration: the great journeys, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/)