--- title: A cactus's spines are leaves changed into points; its fat green stem… — Roots, stems and leaves · tree and pragmatics description: A cactus's spines are leaves changed into points; its fat green stem stores water and does the photosynthesis, and a thick waxy skin keeps water in; many cacti open their stomata only at night, when it is cool and much less water is lost. Who acts: spines, fat green stem, thick waxy skin, many cacti --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Roots, stems and leaves](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/) / 10 # Roots, stems and leaves, sentence 10 A cactus's spines are leaves changed into points; its fat green stem stores water and does the photosynthesis, and a thick waxy skin keeps water in; many cacti open their stomata only at night, when it is cool and much less water is lost. **Who acts:** spines, fat green stem, thick waxy skin, many cacti, water, cactus · **What happens:** be, change, store, do, keep in, open · **To what, where:** leaves, points, water, photosynthesis, stomata, less water This is a sentence of the lesson «Roots, stems and leaves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spines, fat green stem, thick waxy skin, many cacti), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson:10 # text = A cactus's spines are leaves changed into points; its fat green stem stores water and does the photosynthesis, and a thick waxy skin keeps water in; many cacti open their stomata only at night, when it is cool and much less water is lost. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 cactus cactus NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _ 3 's 's PART POS _ 2 case _ _ 4 spines spine NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 5 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 6 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 7 changed change VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 acl _ _ 8 into into ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 points point NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 obl _ _ 10 ; ; PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 11 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ _ 12 fat fat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 13 green green ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 stem stem NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ _ 15 stores store VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ _ 16 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obj _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 18 does do VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 photosynthesis photosynthesis NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obj _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=28:punct 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 23 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 24 thick thick ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 25 waxy waxy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 27 keeps keep VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=18:conj 28 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obj _ _ 29 in in ADP RP _ 27 compound:prt _ _ 30 ; ; PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 31 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 32 cacti cactus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nsubj _ _ 33 open open VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 34 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 35 nmod:poss _ _ 35 stomata stoma NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obj _ _ 36 only only ADV RB _ 38 advmod _ _ 37 at at ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 obl _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 43 punct _ _ 40 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 43 advmod _ _ 41 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 nsubj _ _ 42 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 43 cop _ _ 43 cool cool ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 advcl _ _ 44 and and CCONJ CC _ 45 cc _ _ 45 much much ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 conj _ _ 46 less less ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 47 amod _ _ 47 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 49 nsubj:pass _ _ 48 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 49 aux:pass _ _ 49 lost lose VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 43 conj _ _ 50 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a cactus's spines | leaves | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **change** | participle | | leaves *not said here* | | | | into points *result* | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.result»: agent=Patient into point=Result | | 3 | **store** | present | cactus's fat green stem | water | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme | | 4 | **do** | present | cactus's fat green stem *not said here* | the photosynthesis | | | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent photosynthesis=Eventuality | | 5 | **keep in** | present | a thick waxy skin | water | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme | | 6 | **open** | present | many cacti | leaves's stomata | | | night | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location stoma=Theme | | 7 | **is** | present | water | | | | | cool *property* | tree rules | | 8 | **be** | | water *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 9 | **lose** | present · passive | | less water | | | | | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality | | 10 | **stem** | | cactus | | | | | | nom stem «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Roots, stems and leaves, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/9/) - next →: [Roots, stems and leaves, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/)