---
title: Leaves lose water vapour through tiny holes called stomata, mostly o… — Roots, stems and leaves · tree and pragmatics
description: Leaves lose water vapour through tiny holes called stomata, mostly on the underside; this water loss, transpiration, pulls more water up from the roots. Who acts: Leaves, tiny holes, water loss. A sentence of the lesson «Roots, stems and leaves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with it
---

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# Roots, stems and leaves, sentence 9

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leaves lose water vapour through tiny holes called stomata, mostly on the underside; this water loss, transpiration, pulls more water up from the roots.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Leaves, tiny holes, water loss · **What happens:** lose, call, pull up · **To what, where:** water vapour, tiny holes, stomata, more water, roots · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Roots, stems and leaves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leaves, tiny holes, water loss), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson:9
# text = Leaves lose water vapour through tiny holes called stomata, mostly on the underside; this water loss, transpiration, pulls more water up from the roots.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lose	lose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	vapour	vapour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:nmod
8	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	stomata	stomata	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	underside	underside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
16	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	det	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	transpiration	transpiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	pulls	pull	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
23	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	24	amod	_	_
24	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	up	up	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present | Leaves | water vapour |  | tiny holes |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vapour=Eventuality |
| 2 | **call** | participle | tiny holes *not said here* | stomata and the underside |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pull up** | present | this water loss | more water |  | the roots |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent water=Theme from root=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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