---
title: Bark protects the living wood from insects, disease, fire and cold,… — Trees · tree and pragmatics
description: Bark protects the living wood from insects, disease, fire and cold, and under it a thin living layer makes new wood and bark; cutting a ring of bark all round can kill a tree. Who acts: Bark, thin living layer, cutting. A sentence of the lesson «Trees» of the biology course of Mova's primary school 
---

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# Trees, sentence 8

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bark protects the living wood from insects, disease, fire and cold, and under it a thin living layer makes new wood and bark; cutting a ring of bark all round can kill a tree.

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**Who acts:** Bark, thin living layer, cutting · **What happens:** protect, make, cut, kill · **To what, where:** living wood, new wood, bark, ring, tree

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Trees» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bark, thin living layer, cutting), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:060-trees.lesson:8
# text = Bark protects the living wood from insects, disease, fire and cold, and under it a thin living layer makes new wood and bark; cutting a ring of bark all round can kill a tree.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 060-trees.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:nmod
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
16	under	under	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obl	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
19	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
20	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
23	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	_
27	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
28	cutting	cut	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	csubj	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
33	all	all	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
34	round	round	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
35	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
36	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	_
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | Bark | the living wood |  |  |  | from insects and disease and fire | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent wood=Beneficiary from insect=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present | a thin living layer | new wood and bark |  | bark |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wood=Product |
| 3 | **cut** | gerund |  | a ring of bark |  |  |  | round *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset ring=Product |
| 4 | **kill** | can | cutting | a tree |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tree=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:060-trees.lesson:8`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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