---
title: Fungi spread by spores, tiny specks like dust; a giant puffball can… — Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast · tree and pragmatics
description: Fungi spread by spores, tiny specks like dust; a giant puffball can hold trillions of them, and a raindrop or a foot makes them puff out like smoke; most spores land in bad places, so only a few grow into new fungi. Who acts: Fungi, giant puffball, raindrop, most spores. A sentence of the lesson «Fu
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/62-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast/7/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/62-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast/) / 7

# Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast, sentence 7

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fungi spread by spores, tiny specks like dust; a giant puffball can hold trillions of them, and a raindrop or a foot makes them puff out like smoke; most spores land in bad places, so only a few grow into new fungi.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Fungi, giant puffball, raindrop, most spores, few · **What happens:** spread, hold, make, puff out, land, grow · **To what, where:** trillions, fungi, bad places, new fungi

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fungi, giant puffball, raindrop, most spores), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:062-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast.lesson:7
# text = Fungi spread by spores, tiny specks like dust; a giant puffball can hold trillions of them, and a raindrop or a foot makes them puff out like smoke; most spores land in bad places, so only a few grow into new fungi.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 062-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Fungi	fungi	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spread	spread	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	specks	speck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	puffball	puffball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
16	trillions	trillion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nmod	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=22:punct
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	raindrop	raindrop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
26	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
27	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obj	_	_
28	puff	puff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
29	out	out	ADP	RP	_	28	compound:prt	_	_
30	like	like	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
33	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	34	amod	_	_
34	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	nsubj	_	_
35	land	land	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
36	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obl	_	_
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	47	punct	_	_
40	so	so	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
41	only	only	ADV	RB	_	43	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=44:advmod
42	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	nsubj	_	_
44	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=35:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf
45	into	into	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
46	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	fungi	fungi	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	obl	_	_
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: neg
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | Fungi |  |  |  |  | by spores and tiny specks like dust | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by spore=Location |
| 2 | **hold** | can | a giant puffball | trillions of fungi |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trillion=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | present | a raindrop or a foot | fungi |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **puff out** | infinitive | fungi *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like smoke | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |
| 5 | **land** | present | most spores |  |  | bad places |  |  | vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme in place=Destination |
| 6 | **grow** | present | a few |  |  |  |  | into new fungi *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into fungi=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:062-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/62-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast/6/)
- next →: [Fungi: mushrooms, mould and yeast, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/62-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast/8/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/62-fungi-mushrooms-mould-and-yeast/)