--- title: A cold is caused by a virus; a virus is much smaller than a bacteriu… — Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad · tree and pragmatics description: A cold is caused by a virus; a virus is much smaller than a bacterium and can only copy itself inside a living cell. Who acts: virus. A sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/) / 10 # Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 10 A cold is caused by a virus; a virus is much smaller than a bacterium and can only copy itself inside a living cell. **Who acts:** virus · **What happens:** cause, be, copy · **To what, where:** cold, living cell This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (virus), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:10 # text = A cold is caused by a virus; a virus is much smaller than a bacterium and can only copy itself inside a living cell. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 cold cold NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 caused cause VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 by by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 virus virus NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 8 ; ; PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=4:punct 9 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 virus virus NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 11 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _ 12 much much ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 13 smaller small ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 14 than than ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 bacterium bacterium NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 18 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 20 aux _ _ 19 only only ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 20 copy copy VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 13 conj _ _ 21 itself itself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 20 obj _ _ 22 inside inside ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 23 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 24 living living NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 25 cell cell NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 26 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a virus | a cold | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | | 2 | **is** | present | a virus | | | | | than a bacterium; small *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **copy** | can | a virus *not said here* | cold | | a living cell | | | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent itself=Theme inside cell=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/9/) - next →: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/)