--- title: Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them growing but do nothing to vir… — Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad · tree and pragmatics description: Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them growing but do nothing to viruses, so they do not help colds or flu, and using them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant; stopping a course of antibiotics early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to grow back. Who acts: Antibiotics, viruses, using --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/) / 11 # Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 11 Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them growing but do nothing to viruses, so they do not help colds or flu, and using them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant; stopping a course of antibiotics early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to grow back. **Who acts:** Antibiotics, viruses, using, bacteria · **What happens:** kill, stop, grow, do, not help, use · **To what, where:** bacteria, nothing, colds, viruses, course, toughest bacteria This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Antibiotics, viruses, using, bacteria), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:11 # text = Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them growing but do nothing to viruses, so they do not help colds or flu, and using them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant; stopping a course of antibiotics early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to grow back. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 kill kill VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 bacteria bacterium NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 4 or or CCONJ CC _ 5 cc _ _ 5 stop stop VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 6 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ _ 7 growing grow VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 5 xcomp _ _ 8 but but CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 do do VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 10 nothing nothing PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Neg 9 obj _ _ 11 to to ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 viruses virus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nmod _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 14 so so ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 15 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ _ 16 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 17 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 18 advmod _ _ 18 help help VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 conj _ _ 19 colds cold NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 obj _ _ 20 or or CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 21 flu flu NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 conj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 24 using use VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 29 csubj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=29:nsubj 25 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 obj _ _ 26 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 28 advmod _ _ 27 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 28 advmod _ _ 28 needed need VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 24 advcl _ _ 29 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 30 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obj _ _ 31 become become VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 29 xcomp _ _ 32 resistant resistant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 xcomp _ _ 33 ; ; PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 34 stopping stop VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 41 nsubj _ _ 35 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 course course NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 obj _ _ 37 of of ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 nmod _ _ 39 early early ADV RB Degree=Pos 34 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=41:advmod 40 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 41 aux _ _ 41 leave leave VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 conj _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 43 toughest tough ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 44 amod _ _ 44 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obj _ _ 45 alive alive ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 41 xcomp _ _ 46 to to PART TO _ 47 mark _ _ 47 grow grow VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 45 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=45:xcomp 48 back back ADV RB _ 47 advmod _ _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **kill** | present | Antibiotics | bacteria | | | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme | | 2 | **stop** | present | Antibiotics *not said here* | bacteria *= bacterium* | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **grow** | gerund | Antibiotics *not said here* | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **do** | present | Antibiotics *not said here* | nothing | | | | to viruses | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Eventuality | | 5 | **not** **help** | present · do-support | viruses *= virus* | colds or flu | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cold=Beneficiary | | 6 | **use** | gerund | | viruses *= virus* | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | | 7 | **not** **need** | participle | | | | | | | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot | | 8 | **help** | present | using | bacteria | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent bacteria=Beneficiary clause=Theme | | 9 | **become** | infinitive | bacteria *not said here* | | | | | resistant *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | | 10 | **stop** | gerund | | a course of antibiotics | | | | early *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality course=Eventuality | | 11 | **leave** | can | | the toughest bacteria | | | | alive *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme | | 12 | **grow back** | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/10/) - next →: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/)