--- title: A few are germs that make us ill, and viruses are stranger still: mu… — Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad · tree and pragmatics description: A few are germs that make us ill, and viruses are stranger still: much smaller than bacteria, they cannot do anything on their own and only copy themselves inside living cells. Who acts: few, germs, viruses. A sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology cours --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/) / 3 # Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 3 A few are germs that make us ill, and viruses are stranger still: much smaller than bacteria, they cannot do anything on their own and only copy themselves inside living cells. **Who acts:** few, germs, viruses · **What happens:** be, make, not do, copy · **To what, where:** germs, us, anything, viruses This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (few, germs, viruses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:3 # text = A few are germs that make us ill, and viruses are stranger still: much smaller than bacteria, they cannot do anything on their own and only copy themselves inside living cells. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 nsubj _ _ 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 4 germs germ NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 5 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 6 nsubj _ _ 6 make make VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 acl:relcl _ _ 7 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 obj _ _ 8 ill ill ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 xcomp _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 11 viruses virus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 12 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _ 13 stranger strange ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 4 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 14 still still ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 15 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 16 much much ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 17 smaller small ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 4 conj _ _ 18 than than ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 bacteria bacterium NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 20 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 21 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 22 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 24 aux _ _ 23 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 24 advmod _ _ 24 do do VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=17:conj 25 anything anything PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 24 obj _ _ 26 on on ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 27 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=31:nmod:poss 28 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 29 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 30 only only ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 conj _ _ 31 copy copy VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 24 conj _ _ 32 themselves themselves PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 31 obj _ _ 33 inside inside ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 34 living living ADJ JJ _ 35 amod _ _ 35 cells cell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obl _ _ 36 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a few | germs | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **make** | present | germs | us | | | | ill *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset we=Product | | 3 | **is** | present | viruses | | | | still | strange *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **be** | | a few *not said here* | | | | | than bacteria | tree rules | | 5 | **not** **do** | can | viruses *= virus* | anything | | | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Eventuality | | 6 | **copy** | infinitive | viruses *= virus* *not said here* | viruses *= virus* | | | | living cells *obl*; inside *property* | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/2/) - next →: [Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good a…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/)