---
title: The human gut holds around 40 trillion bacteria, about as many as th… — Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad · tree and pragmatics
description: The human gut holds around 40 trillion bacteria, about as many as the body's own cells, and most of them are helpful. Who acts: human gut, most. A sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pra
---

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# Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 7

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The human gut holds around 40 trillion bacteria, about as many as the body's own cells, and most of them are helpful.

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**Who acts:** human gut, most · **What happens:** hold, be · **To what, where:** trillion bacteria

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (human gut, most), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:7
# text = The human gut holds around 40 trillion bacteria, about as many as the body's own cells, and most of them are helpful.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	gut	gut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	around	around	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	compound	_	_
7	trillion	trillion	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	about	about	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	as	as	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod:poss	_	_
16	's	's	PART	POS	_	15	case	_	_
17	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
21	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	25	nsubj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=25:nsubj|HaikuPos=ADV:RBS:Degree=Sup
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nmod	_	_
24	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
25	helpful	helpful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | present | the human gut | trillion bacteria |  |  |  | many as the body's own cells *obl* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | most of bacteria |  |  |  |  | helpful *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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