--- title: Bones show white on an X-ray because the calcium in them stops X-ray… — Cells, bones and muscles · tree and pragmatics description: Bones show white on an X-ray because the calcium in them stops X-rays more than soft muscle and skin, and a break shows as a dark line; bone cells slowly rebuild a break over several weeks, so a broken arm is kept still in a cast. Who acts: Bones, calcium, break, bone cells. A sentence of the lesson --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Cells, bones and muscles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/) / 11 # Cells, bones and muscles, sentence 11 Bones show white on an X-ray because the calcium in them stops X-rays more than soft muscle and skin, and a break shows as a dark line; bone cells slowly rebuild a break over several weeks, so a broken arm is kept still in a cast. **Who acts:** Bones, calcium, break, bone cells · **What happens:** show, stop, rebuild, break, keep · **To what, where:** white, X ray, X rays, break, broken arm, cast This is a sentence of the lesson «Cells, bones and muscles» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bones, calcium, break, bone cells), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:064-cells-bones-and-muscles.lesson:11 # text = Bones show white on an X-ray because the calcium in them stops X-rays more than soft muscle and skin, and a break shows as a dark line; bone cells slowly rebuild a break over several weeks, so a broken arm is kept still in a cast. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 064-cells-bones-and-muscles.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Bones bone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 show show VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 white white ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:xcomp 4 on on ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 5 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 6 X x NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 7 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 6 punct _ _ 8 ray ray NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:obl 9 because because SCONJ IN _ 14 mark _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 calcium calcium NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _ 12 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nmod _ _ 14 stops stop VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=3:advcl 15 X x NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 compound _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 16 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 15 punct _ _ 17 rays ray NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 obj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:nsubj 18 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 14 obj _ _ 19 than than ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 soft soft ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 muscle muscle NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obl _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 conj _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 26 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 break break NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _ 28 shows show VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=14:conj 29 as as ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 30 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 31 dark dark ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 32 line line NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obl _ _ 33 ; ; PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 34 bone bone NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 compound _ _ 35 cells cell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 nsubj _ _ 36 slowly slowly ADV RB _ 37 advmod _ _ 37 rebuild rebuild VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 28 conj _ _ 38 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 break break NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obj _ _ 40 over over ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 several several ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ _ 42 weeks week NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obl _ _ 43 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 44 so so ADV RB _ 49 advmod _ _ 45 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 47 det _ _ 46 broken break VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 47 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=47:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 47 arm arm NOUN NN Number=Sing 49 nsubj:pass _ _ 48 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 49 aux:pass _ _ 49 kept keep VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 37 advcl _ _ 50 still still ADV RB _ 49 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=53:advmod 51 in in ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 52 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 53 det _ _ 53 cast cast NOUN NN Number=Sing 49 obl _ _ 54 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **show** | present | Bones | white | | a X ray | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent white=Recipient | | 2 | **stop** | present | the calcium in bones | X rays | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **show** | present | a break | | | | | as a dark line | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **rebuild** | infinitive | bone cells | a break | | | week | slowly *property* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent break=Result | | 5 | **break** | participle | | | | | | | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 6 | **keep** | present · passive | | a broken arm | | a cast | still | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in cast=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:064-cells-bones-and-muscles.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Cells, bones and muscles, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/10/) - next →: [Cells, bones and muscles, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/)