--- title: An echo is sound bouncing off a hard surface and coming back; sound… — Senses: eyes and ears · tree and pragmatics description: An echo is sound bouncing off a hard surface and coming back; sound travels about 340 metres a second in air, so an echo from a cliff 170 metres away comes back after about one second. Who acts: echo, sound. A sentence of the lesson «Senses: eyes and ears» of the biology course of Mova's primary sch --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/69-senses-eyes-and-ears/17/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Senses: eyes and ears](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/69-senses-eyes-and-ears/) / 17 # Senses: eyes and ears, sentence 17 An echo is sound bouncing off a hard surface and coming back; sound travels about 340 metres a second in air, so an echo from a cliff 170 metres away comes back after about one second. **Who acts:** echo, sound · **What happens:** be, bounce off, come back, travel · **To what, where:** sound, hard surface, 340 metres, air This is a sentence of the lesson «Senses: eyes and ears» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (echo, sound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:069-senses-eyes-and-ears.lesson:17 # text = An echo is sound bouncing off a hard surface and coming back; sound travels about 340 metres a second in air, so an echo from a cliff 170 metres away comes back after about one second. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 069-senses-eyes-and-ears.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3 1 An a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 4 sound sound NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 5 bouncing bounce VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 4 acl _ _ 6 off off ADP RP _ 5 compound:prt _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 8 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 surface surface NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 11 coming come VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 5 conj _ _ 12 back back ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 14 sound sound NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ _ 15 travels travel VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 16 about about ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 17 340 340 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 18 nummod _ _ 18 metres metre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 19 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 second second NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obl:unmarked _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 obl _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 24 so so ADV RB _ 33 advmod _ _ 25 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ _ 27 from from ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 cliff cliff NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nmod _ _ 30 170 170 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ _ 31 metres metre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=29:nmod:unmarked 32 away away ADV RB _ 33 advmod _ _ 33 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 34 back back ADV RB _ 33 advmod _ _ 35 after after ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 36 about about ADV RB _ 37 advmod _ _ 37 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 38 nummod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=33:obl 38 second second NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=37:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 39 . . PUNCT . _ 18 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a echo | sound | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **bounce off** | gerund | sound *not said here* | a hard surface | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surface=Agent | | 3 | **come back** | gerund | sound *not said here* | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **travel** | present | sound | 340 metres | | air | second | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme metre=Trajectory | | 5 | **come back** | present | a echo from a cliff | | | | second | away *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:069-senses-eyes-and-ears.lesson:17`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Senses: eyes and ears, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/69-senses-eyes-and-ears/16/) - next →: [Senses: nose, tongue and skin, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/70-senses-nose-tongue-and-skin/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/69-senses-eyes-and-ears/)