--- title: In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould, Penicillium, had kil… — Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food an… · tree and pragmatics description: In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould, Penicillium, had killed bacteria on a dish, which led to penicillin; antibiotics only work on bacteria, and taking them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant. Who acts: Alexander, mould, dish, antibiotics. A sentence of the lesson «Staying he --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/72-staying-healthy/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, slee…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/72-staying-healthy/) / 15 # Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise, sentence 15 In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould, Penicillium, had killed bacteria on a dish, which led to penicillin; antibiotics only work on bacteria, and taking them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant. **Who acts:** Alexander, mould, dish, antibiotics, taking, bacteria · **What happens:** notice, kill, lead, work, take, not need · **To what, where:** 1928, bacteria, dish, antibiotics · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Alexander, mould, dish, antibiotics), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:072-staying-healthy.lesson:15 # text = In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould, Penicillium, had killed bacteria on a dish, which led to penicillin; antibiotics only work on bacteria, and taking them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 072-staying-healthy.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 1928 1928 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 5 obl _ _ 3 Alexander Alexander PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 4 Fleming Fleming PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 flat _ _ 5 noticed notice VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 that that SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 mould mould NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 10 Penicillium Penicillium PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 appos _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _ 12 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux _ _ 13 killed kill VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 5 ccomp _ _ 14 bacteria bacterium NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=13:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 15 on on ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 dish dish NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=14:nmod 18 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 20 nsubj _ _ 20 led lead VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 acl:relcl _ _ 21 to to ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 penicillin penicillin NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 23 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 24 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj _ _ 25 only only ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 26 work work VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 27 on on ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 28 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 31 taking take VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 36 csubj _ _ 32 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obj _ _ 33 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 35 advmod _ _ 34 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 35 advmod _ _ 35 needed need VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 31 advcl _ _ 36 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 conj _ _ 37 bacteria bacteria NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obj _ _ 38 become become VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 36 xcomp _ _ 39 resistant resistant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 38 xcomp _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **notice** | past | Alexander | | | 1928 | | | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | | 2 | **kill** | past · perfect | a mould | bacteria | | a dish | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme | | 3 | **lead** | past | a dish | | | | | to penicillin | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to penicillin=Patient | | 4 | **work** | present | antibiotics | | | | | on bacteria | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on bacteria=Theme | | 5 | **take** | gerund | | antibiotics *= antibiotic* | | | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 6 | **not** **need** | participle | | | | | | | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot | | 7 | **help** | present | taking | bacteria | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent bacteria=Beneficiary clause=Theme | | 8 | **become** | infinitive | bacteria *not said here* | | | | | resistant *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:072-staying-healthy.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, slee…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/72-staying-healthy/14/) - next →: [Evolution simply: why living things ch…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/72-staying-healthy/)