--- title: If some of those differences help an animal survive and raise more y… — Evolution simply: why living things change over… · tree and pragmatics description: If some of those differences help an animal survive and raise more young, the next generation has a little more of them, and over thousands of generations small nudges add up to big changes; this is natural selection. Who acts: some, animal, next generation, small nudges. A sentence of the lesson «E --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Evolution simply: why living things ch…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/) / 1 # Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations, sentence 1 If some of those differences help an animal survive and raise more young, the next generation has a little more of them, and over thousands of generations small nudges add up to big changes; this is natural selection. **Who acts:** some, animal, next generation, small nudges, this · **What happens:** help, survive, raise, have, add up, be · **To what, where:** animal, young, more, thousands, natural selection This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (some, animal, next generation, small nudges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:1 # text = If some of those differences help an animal survive and raise more young, the next generation has a little more of them, and over thousands of generations small nudges add up to big changes; this is natural selection. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 073-evolution-simply.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 If if SCONJ IN _ 6 mark _ _ 2 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 6 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=6:nsubj|HaikuPos=PRON:DT:PronType=Ind 3 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 4 those that DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _ 5 differences difference NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nmod _ _ 6 help help VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 41 advcl _ _ 7 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 animal animal NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ _ 9 survive survive VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _ 10 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 11 raise raise VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 conj _ _ 12 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 13 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=13:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJR:Degree=Cmp 13 young young NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obj _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 next next ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 generation generation NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ _ 18 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 advcl _ _ 19 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=21:advmod 21 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 18 obj _ _ 22 of of ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 26 over over ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 thousands thousand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ _ 28 of of ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 generations generation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nmod _ _ 30 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 nudges nudge NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj _ _ 32 add add VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 conj _ _ 33 up up ADP RP _ 32 compound:prt _ _ 34 to to ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 36 amod _ _ 36 changes change NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ _ 37 ; ; PUNCT : _ 41 punct _ _ 38 this this PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 41 nsubj _ _ 39 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 41 cop _ _ 40 natural natural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 41 amod _ _ 41 selection selection NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 41 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **help** *a condition, not said to happen* | infinitive | some | a animal | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent animal=Beneficiary clause=Theme | | 2 | **survive** | infinitive | a animal *not said here* | | | | | | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **raise** | infinitive | a animal *not said here* | young | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent young=Theme | | 4 | **have** | present | the next generation | more | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Patient | | 5 | **add up** *speech: assert* | present | small nudges | | | thousands of generations | | to big changes | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to change=Co-Patient | | 6 | **is a** | present | this | natural selection | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Evolution simply: why living things ch…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/0/) - next →: [Evolution simply: why living things ch…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/)