---
title: Bacteria can divide as often as every 20 minutes, so a few tough sur… — Evolution simply: why living things change over… · tree and pragmatics
description: Bacteria can divide as often as every 20 minutes, so a few tough survivors of antibiotics can multiply into resistant bacteria within days, which is why medicine must be taken exactly as the doctor says: stopping early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to multiply. Who acts: Bacteria, few tough 
---

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# Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations, sentence 10

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Bacteria can divide as often as every 20 minutes, so a few tough survivors of antibiotics can multiply into resistant bacteria within days, which is why medicine must be taken exactly as the doctor says: stopping early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to multiply.

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**Who acts:** Bacteria, few tough survivors, doctor · **What happens:** divide, multiply, be, take, say, stop · **To what, where:** resistant bacteria, medicine, toughest bacteria · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bacteria, few tough survivors, doctor), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:10
# text = Bacteria can divide as often as every 20 minutes, so a few tough survivors of antibiotics can multiply into resistant bacteria within days, which is why medicine must be taken exactly as the doctor says: stopping early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to multiply.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 073-evolution-simply.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3
1	Bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	divide	divide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
8	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
11	so	so	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	tough	tough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	survivors	survivor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	multiply	multiply	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj
20	into	into	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	resistant	resistant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	within	within	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	nsubj	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	cop	_	_
28	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	32	advmod	_	_
29	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
31	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	aux:pass	_	_
32	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	advcl	_	_
33	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
34	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	37	mark	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
37	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	advcl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=32:conj
38	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	42	punct	_	_
39	stopping	stop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	42	advcl	_	_
40	early	early	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	39	advmod	_	_
41	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
42	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	37	ccomp	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
44	toughest	tough	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	45	amod	_	_
45	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	_
46	alive	alive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	xcomp	_	_
47	to	to	PART	TO	_	48	mark	_	_
48	multiply	multiply	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	46	advcl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=46:xcomp
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | can | Bacteria |  |  |  | minute | often *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **multiply** | can | a few tough survivors of antibiotics |  |  | resistant bacteria | day |  | vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | why *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **take** | must · passive |  | medicine |  |  |  | exactly *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the doctor |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **stop** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | early *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 7 | **leave** | can |  | the toughest bacteria |  |  |  | alive *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme |
| 8 | **multiply** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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