--- title: Megalodon was a huge shark from about 23 to 3.6 million years ago wi… — Fossils: how we know about life long ago · tree and pragmatics description: Megalodon was a huge shark from about 23 to 3.6 million years ago with teeth up to about 18 centimetres; its skeleton was cartilage, which rarely fossilises, so mostly teeth remain. Who acts: Megalodon, skeleton, cartilage, teeth. A sentence of the lesson «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Fossils: how we know about life long ago](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/) / 10 # Fossils: how we know about life long ago, sentence 10 Megalodon was a huge shark from about 23 to 3.6 million years ago with teeth up to about 18 centimetres; its skeleton was cartilage, which rarely fossilises, so mostly teeth remain. **Who acts:** Megalodon, skeleton, cartilage, teeth · **What happens:** be, fossilise, remain · **To what, where:** huge shark, cartilage This is a sentence of the lesson «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Megalodon, skeleton, cartilage, teeth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson:10 # text = Megalodon was a huge shark from about 23 to 3.6 million years ago with teeth up to about 18 centimetres; its skeleton was cartilage, which rarely fossilises, so mostly teeth remain. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Megalodon Megalodon PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 2 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 4 huge huge ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 5 shark shark NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 from from ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 about about ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _ 8 23 23 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 5 appos _ _ 9 to to ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 3.6 3.6 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 8 nmod _ _ 11 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 12 nummod _ _ 12 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obl:unmarked _ _ 13 ago ago ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _ 14 with with ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 teeth tooth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 16 up up ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 17 to to ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 18 about about ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _ 19 18 18 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 20 nummod _ _ 20 centimetres centimetre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 nmod _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT : _ 25 punct _ _ 22 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ _ 23 skeleton skeleton NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ _ 24 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 25 cop _ _ 25 cartilage cartilage NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 parataxis _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 27 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 29 nsubj _ _ 28 rarely rarely ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 29 fossilises fossilise VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 acl:relcl _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 31 so so ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 32 mostly mostly ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 33 teeth tooth NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 nsubj _ _ 34 remain remain VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 ccomp _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | past | Megalodon | a huge shark | | | | with teeth to 18 centimetres | tree rules | | 2 | **is a** | past | shark's skeleton | cartilage | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **fossilise** | present | cartilage | | | | | rarely *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **remain** | present | teeth | | | | | mostly *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Fossils: how we know about life long ago, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/9/) - next →: [Fossils: how we know about life long ago, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/)