--- title: Rock layers are laid one on top of another, so lower layers are usua… — Fossils: how we know about life long ago · tree and pragmatics description: Rock layers are laid one on top of another, so lower layers are usually older; scientists date volcanic ash layers with natural atomic clocks in the rock. Who acts: lower layers, scientists. A sentence of the lesson «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary s --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Fossils: how we know about life long ago](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/) / 9 # Fossils: how we know about life long ago, sentence 9 Rock layers are laid one on top of another, so lower layers are usually older; scientists date volcanic ash layers with natural atomic clocks in the rock. **Who acts:** lower layers, scientists · **What happens:** laid, be, date · **To what, where:** Rock layers, volcanic ash layers, rock This is a sentence of the lesson «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lower layers, scientists), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson:9 # text = Rock layers are laid one on top of another, so lower layers are usually older; scientists date volcanic ash layers with natural atomic clocks in the rock. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:nsubj 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 laid laid VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 4 obj _ _ 6 on on ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 top top NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 another another DET DT PronType=Ind 7 nmod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 11 so so ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 12 lower low ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 13 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=13:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 13 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ _ 14 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 cop _ _ 15 usually usually ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 16 older old ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 4 parataxis _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 18 scientists scientist NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 19 date date VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 20 volcanic volcanic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=22:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 21 ash ash NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 compound _ _ 22 layers layer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obj _ _ 23 with with ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 natural natural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 25 atomic atomic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 26 clocks clock NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nmod _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nmod _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **laid** | present · passive | | Rock layers | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **is** | present | lower layers | | | | | old, usually *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **date** | present | scientists | volcanic ash layers | | the rock | | with natural atomic clocks | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent layer=Destination with clock=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Fossils: how we know about life long ago, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/8/) - next →: [Fossils: how we know about life long ago, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/)